Male and Female pilots cause accidents differently

　　Male pilots flying general aviation¹(private)aircraft in the United States are more likely to crash due to inattention or flawed decision.making.while female pilots are more likely to crash from mishandling the aircraft.These are the results of a study by researchers at the Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health.
　　The study identifies the differences between male and female pilots in terms of circumstances of the crash and the type of pilots error involved².“Crashes of general aviation aircraft account for 85 percent of all aviation deaths³ in the United States.The crash rate for male pilots.as for motor vehicle drivers，exceeds that⁴ of crashes of female pilots，”explains Susan P.Baker, MPH, professor of health policy and management at the Bloomberg School of Public Health.“Because pilot youth and inexperience are established⁵ contributors to aviation crashes⁶, we focused on only mature pilots，to determine the gender differences in the reasons for the crash.
　　The researchers extracted data for this study from a large research project on pilot aging and flight safety.The data were gathered from general aviation crashes of airplanes and helicopters between 1983 and 1997，involving 144 female pilots and 267 male pilots aged 40--63.Female pilots were matched with male pilots in a l：2 ratio，by age，classes of medical and pilot certificates, state or area of crash，and year of crash.Then the circumstances of the crashes and the pilot error involved were categorized and coded without knowledge of pilot gender.
　　The researchers found that loss of control on landing or takeoff was the most common circumstance for both sexes，leading to 59 percent of female pilots’crashes and 36 percent of males’.Experiencing mechanical failure，running out of fuel，and landing the plane with the landing gear up⁷ were among the factors more likely with males，while stalling was more likely with females.
　　The majority of the crashes——95 percent for females and 88 percent for males——involved at least one type of pilot error.Mishandling aircraft kinetics was the most common error for both sexes, but was more common among females(accounting for 81 percent of the crashes)than males (accounting for 48 percent).Males，however，appeared more likely to be guilty of⁸ poor decision-making，risk-taking，and inattentiveness, examples of which include misjudging weather and visibility⁹ or flying an aircraft with a known defect.Females，though more likely to mishandle or lose control of the aircraft，were generally more careful than their male counterparts¹⁰.

词汇：

inattention  / ,ɪnə"tɛnʃən / n.  疏忽

aviation / ,evɪ"eʃən / n. 航空

kinetics  / k(a)ɪ"nɛtɪks / n. 动力学
flawed  / flɔ:d / adj. 有缺陷的

mishandle  / ˌmɪs"hændl / v. 瞎弄，乱处理
MPH(Master of Public Health)公共卫生硕士

gender  / "dʒendə(r) / n. 性，性别
run out 耗尽，用完

stalll  / stɔ:l /v. (飞机)失速，(发动机)熄火

注释：

1.general aviation：专用航空（航班飞机以外的民航飞行）
2.identifies the differences between male and female pilots in terms of circumstances of the crash and the type of pilots error involved：根据坠毁情况和飞行员失误类型鉴别男女飞行员之间的差异。in terms of：按照，根据
3.account for 85percent of all aviation deaths：占所有坠机死亡人数的85%。account for：占
4.that：代词，代替前半句中的the（crash） rate
5.established：确定的
6.contributors to aviation crashes：坠机的原因。contribute to：对……作出贡献，对……起作用。contributor是contribute的名词，使用同样的介词搭配。
7.with the landing gear up：不放下起落装置
8.be guilty of：be responsible for：对……负责，在……方面有责任
9.misjudging weather and visibility：对天气和能见度判断失误
10.their male counterparts：她们的男同行；counterpart：职务地位相当的人。

In the comparison of female and male pilots,

A:female pilots are found to be more courageous and risk-taking. B:male pilots are found to be more professional and attentive. C:female pilots are found to make more errors out of carelessness. D:male pilots are found to make more errors in decision-making.

Male and Female Pilots Cause Accidents Differently
Male pilots flying general aviation (private) aircraft in the United States are more likely to crash due to inattention or flawed decision-making. While female pilots are more likely to crash from mishandling the aircraft. These are the results of a study by researchers at the Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health.
The study identifies the differences between male and female pilots in terms of circumstances of the crash and the type of pilots error involved. "Crashes of general aviation aircraft account for 85 percent of all aviation deaths in the United States. The crash rate for male pilots, as for motor vehicle drivers, exceeds that of crashes of female pilots," explains Susan P. Baker, MPH, professor of health policy and management at the Bloomberg School of Public Health. "Because pilot youth and inexperience are established contributors to aviation crashes, we focused on only mature pilots, to determine the gender differences in the reasons for the crash."
The researchers extracted data for this study from a large research project on pilot aging and flight safety. The data were gathered from general aviation crashes of airplanes and heIicopters between 1983 and 1997, involving 144 female pilots and 267 male pilots aged 40-63. Female pilots were matched with male pilots in a 1:2 ratio, by age, classes of medical and pilot certificates, state or area of crash, and year of crash. Then the circumstances of the crashes and the pilot error involved were categorized and coded without knowledge of pilot gender.
The researchers found that loss of control on landing or takeoff was the most common circumstance for both sexes, leading to 59 percent of female pi.lots’ crashes and 36 percent of males’. Experiencing mechanical failure, running out of fuel, and land!ng the plane with the landing gear up were among the factors more likely with males, while stalling was more likely with females.
The majority of the crashes — 95 percent for females and 88 percent for males — involved at least one type of pilot error. Mishandling aircraft kinetics was the most common error for both sexes, but was more common among females (accounting for 81 percent of the crashes) than males (accounting for 48 percent). Males, however, appeared more likely to be guilty of poor decision-making, risk-taking, and inattentiveness, examples of which include misjudging weather and visibility or flying an aircraft with a known defect. Females, though more likely to mishandle or lose control of the aircraft, were generally more careful than their male counterparts.

A:female pilots are found to be more courageous and risk-taking B:male pilots are found to be more professional and attentive C:female pilots are found to make more errors out of carelessness D:male pilots are found to make more errors in decision-making

Male and Female pilots cause accidents differently Male pilots flying general aviation(private)aircraft in the United States are more likely to crash due to inattention or flawed decision, making, while female pilots are more likely to crash from mishandling the aircraft. These are the results of a study by researchers at the Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health. The study identifies the differences between male and female pilots in terms of circumstances of the crash and the type of pilots error involved. "Crashes of general aviation aircraft account for 85 percent of all aviation deaths in the United States. The crash rate for male pilots, as for motor vehicle drivers, exceeds that of crashes of female pilots," explains Susan P. Baker, MPH, professor of health policy and management at the Bloomberg School of Public Health. "Because pilot youth and inexperience are established, contributors to aviation crashes, we focused on only mature pilots, to determine the gender differences in the reasons for the crash." The researchers extracted data for this study from a large research project on pilot aging and flight safety. The data were gathered from general aviation crashes of airplanes and helicopters between 1983 and 1997, involving 144 female pilots and 267 male pilots aged 40-63. Female pilots were matched with male pilots in a 1:2 ratio, by age, classes of medical and pilot certificates, state or area of crash, and year of crash. Then the circumstances of the crashes and the pilot error involved were categorized and coded without knowledge of pilot gender. The researchers found that loss of control on landing or takeoff was the most common circumstance for both sexes, leading to 59 percent of female pilots’ crashes and 36 percent of males’’. Experiencing mechanical failure, running out of fuel, and landing the plane with the landing gear up were among the factors more likely with males, while stalling was more likely with females. The majority of the crashes — 95 percent for females and 88 percent for males — involved at least one type of pilot error. Mishandling aircraft kinetics was the most common error for both sexes, but was more common among females(accounting for 81 percent of the crashes) than males (accounting for 48 percent). Males, however, appeared more likely to be guilty of poor decision-making, risk-taking, and inattentiveness, examples of which include misjudging weather and visibility or flying an aircraft with a known defect. Females, though more likely to mishandle or lose control of the aircraft, were generally more careful than their male counterparts. inattention /n.疏忽 aviation /n. 航空 flawed /adj.有缺陷的 mishandle /v. 瞎弄，乱处理 MPH ( Master of Public Health) 公共卫生硕士 gender /n.性，性别 run out 耗尽，用完 stall v. (飞机)失速, (发动机)熄火 kinetics /n. 动力学 In the comparison of female and male pilots, ______.

A:female pilots are found to be more courageous and risk-taking. B:male pilots are found to be more professional and attentive. C:female pilots are found to make more errors out of carelessness. D:male pilots are found to make more errors in decision-making.

{{B}}第三篇{{/B}}

A:female pilots are found to be more courageous and risk-taking B:male pilots are found to be more professional and attentive C:female pilots are found to make more errors out of carelessness D:male pilots are found to make more errors in decision-making

{{B}}第二篇{{/B}}

A:female pilots are found to be more courageous and risk--taking. B:male pilots are found to be more professional and attentive. C:female pilots are found to make more errors out of carelessness. D:male pilots are found to make more errors in decision--making.

Male and Female pilots cause accidents differently Male pilots flying general aviation(private)aircraft in the United States are more likely to crash due to inattention or flawed decision, making, while female pilots are more likely to crash from mishandling the aircraft. These are the results of a study by researchers at the Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health. The study identifies the differences between male and female pilots in terms of circumstances of the crash and the type of pilots error involved. "Crashes of general aviation aircraft account for 85 percent of all aviation deaths in the United States. The crash rate for male pilots, as for motor vehicle drivers, exceeds that of crashes of female pilots," explains Susan P. Baker, MPH, professor of health policy and management at the Bloomberg School of Public Health. "Because pilot youth and inexperience are established, contributors to aviation crashes, we focused on only mature pilots, to determine the gender differences in the reasons for the crash." The researchers extracted data for this study from a large research project on pilot aging and flight safety. The data were gathered from general aviation crashes of airplanes and helicopters between 1983 and 1997, involving 144 female pilots and 267 male pilots aged 40-63. Female pilots were matched with male pilots in a 1:2 ratio, by age, classes of medical and pilot certificates, state or area of crash, and year of crash. Then the circumstances of the crashes and the pilot error involved were categorized and coded without knowledge of pilot gender. The researchers found that loss of control on landing or takeoff was the most common circumstance for both sexes, leading to 59 percent of female pilots’ crashes and 36 percent of males’’. Experiencing mechanical failure, running out of fuel, and landing the plane with the landing gear up were among the factors more likely with males, while stalling was more likely with females. The majority of the crashes — 95 percent for females and 88 percent for males — involved at least one type of pilot error. Mishandling aircraft kinetics was the most common error for both sexes, but was more common among females(accounting for 81 percent of the crashes) than males (accounting for 48 percent). Males, however, appeared more likely to be guilty of poor decision-making, risk-taking, and inattentiveness, examples of which include misjudging weather and visibility or flying an aircraft with a known defect. Females, though more likely to mishandle or lose control of the aircraft, were generally more careful than their male counterparts. inattention /n.疏忽 aviation /n. 航空 flawed /adj.有缺陷的 mishandle /v. 瞎弄，乱处理 MPH ( Master of Public Health) 公共卫生硕士 gender /n.性，性别 run out 耗尽，用完 stall v. (飞机)失速, (发动机)熄火 kinetics /n. 动力学 In the comparison of female and male pilots, ______.

A:female pilots are found to be more courageous and risk-taking. B:male pilots are found to be more professional and attentive. C:female pilots are found to make more errors out of carelessness. D:male pilots are found to make more errors in decision-making.

{{B}}第二篇{{/B}}

A:female pilots are found to be more courageous and risk taking B:male pilots are found to be more professional and attentive C:female pilots are found to make more errors out of carelessness D:male pilots are found to make more errors in decision-making