Cell Phones Increase Traffic, Pedestrian Fatalities 

Cell phones are a danger on the road in more ways than one. Two new studies show that talking on the phone while traveling, whether you"re driving or on foot, is increasing both pedestrian deaths and those of drivers and passengers, and recommend crackdowns on cell¹ use by both pedestrians and drivers.

The new studies, lead-authored by Rutgers University, Newark, Economics Professor Peter D. Loeb², relate the impact of cell phones on accident fatalities to the number of cell phones in use, showing that the current increase in deaths resulting from cell phone use follows a period when cell phones actually helped to reduce pedestrian and traffic fatalities. However, this reduction in fatalities disappeared once the numbers of phones in use reached a “critical mass”³ of 100 million, the study found.

These studies looked at cell phone use and motor vehicle accidents from 1975 through 2002, and factored in⁴ a number of variables, including vehicle speed, alcohol consumption, seat belt use, and miles driven. The studies found the cell phone-fatality correlation to be true even when including factors such as speed, alcohol consumption, and seat belt use.

Loeb and his co-author determined that, at the current time, cell phone use has a “significant adverse effect on pedestrian safety” and that “cell phones and their usage above a critical threshold⁵ adds to motor vehicle fatalities.” In the late 1980s and part of the 1990s, before the numbers of phones exploded, cell phone use actually had a “life-saving effect” in pedestrian and traffic accidents, Loeb notes. “Cell-phone users’ were able to quickly call for medical assistance when involved in an accident. This quick medical response actually reduced the number of traffic deaths for a time,” Loeb hypothesizes.

However, this was not the case when cells were first used in the mid-1980s, when they caused a “life-taking effect” among pedestrians, drivers and passengers in vehicles. In those early days, when there were fewer than a million phones, fatalities increased, says Loeb, because drivers and pedestrians probably were still adjusting to the novelty of using them, and there weren"t enough cell phones in use to make a difference in summoning help following an accident, he explains.

The “life-saving effect” occurred as the volume of phones grew into the early 1990s, and increasing numbers of cells were used to call 911 following accidents, leading to a drop in fatalities, explains Loeb. But this life-saving effect was canceled out⁶ once the numbers of phones reached a “critical mass” of about 100 million and the “life-taking effect” - increased accidents and fatalities outweighed the benefits of quick access to 911 services, according to Loeb.

Loeb and his co-authors used econometric models to analyze data from a number of government and private studies. He and his co-authors recommend that governments consider more aggressive policies to reduce cell phone use by both drivers and pedestrians, to reduce the number of fatalities.

词汇：

crackdown n.制裁，严惩   econometric adj.计量经济的

outweigh v.超过   hypothesize v.假设，假定

fatality n.死亡者  

注释：  

1. cell：cell phone 的缩写。   

2. The new studies, lead-authored by Rutgers University, Newark, Economics Professor Peter D. Loeb第一作者为罗格斯大学纽瓦克分校的经济学教授 Peter D. Loeb 的新研究成果…… lead-author：第一作者； lead-authored 为动词的过去分词形式，具有被动意义。罗格斯大学纽瓦克分校是美国新泽西州昀负盛名的文理学院。

3. critical mass：临界数量。

4. factored in：包括，把……计算在内。

5. a critical threshold：指的是前文所说的 critical mass。见注释 3。

The two new studies, lead-authored by Professor Peter D. Loeb

A:show that talking on the phone while driving or walking in the street increases deaths of drivers and pedestrians. B:show that talking on the phone while driving increases pedestrian deaths. C:recommend that strict measures be taken to restrain cell phone use. D:both A and C.

Medical Journals

    Medical journals are publications that report medical information to physicians and other health professionals.

    In the past, these journals were available only in print. With the development of electronic publishing. many medical journals now have Web sites on the Internet, and some journals publish only online. A few medical journals, like the Journal of the American Medical Association, are considered general medical journals because they cover many fields of medicine. Most medical journals are specialty journals that focus on a particular area of medicine.

    Medical journals publish many types of articles. Research articles report the results of research studies on a range of topics varying from the basic mechanisms of diseases to clinical trials that compare outcomes of different treatments. 

    Review articles summarize and analyze the information available on a specific topic based on a careful search of the medical literature. Because the results of individual research studies can be affected by many factors, combining results from different studies on the same topic can be helpful in reaching conclusions about the scientific evidence for preventing, diagnosing or treating a particular disease ¹. Case conferences and case reports may be published in medical journals to educate physicians about particular illnesses and how to treat them. Editorials in medical journals are short essays that express the views of the authors, often regarding a research or review article published in the same issue. Editorials provide perspective on how the current article fits with other information on the same topic. Letters to the editor provide a way for readers of the medical journal to express comments, questions or criticisms about articles published in that journal.

词汇：

professional /prə"feʃənəl/ n.专业人员

online /ɒn"laɪn/ adv. 联机地，联线地

specialty /"speʃəltɪ/ n .专业

summarize /"sʌməraɪz/ vt. 总结，概述

注释：

1. Because the results of individual research studies can be affected by many factors, combining results from different studies on the same topic can be helpful in reaching conclusions about the scientific evidence for preventing, diagnosing or treating a particular disease.由于个体研究的结果可能受很多因素的影响，因此将有关同一题目的不同研究的结果汇总起来，可能有助于 得出有关预防、诊断或是治疗某一疾病所需的科学证据的结论。

An article dealing with results from different studies on the same topic is called____

A:a research article B:a review article C:a case report D:an editorial

A narrowing of your work interests is implied in almost any transition from a study environment to managerial or professional work. In the humanities and social sciences you will at best reuse only a fraction of the material (1) in three or four years’ study. In most career paths academic knowledge only (2) a background to much more applied decision-making. Even with a " training " form of degree, (3) a few of the procedures or methods (4) in your studies are likely to be continuously relevant in your work. Partly this (5) the greater specialization of most work tasks compared (6) studying. Many graduates are not (7) with the variety involved in (8) from degree study in at least four or five subjects a year to very standardized job (9) . Academic work values (10) inventiveness, originality, and the cultivation of self-realization and self-development. Emphasis is placed (11) generating new ideas and knowledge, assembling (12) information to make a " rational " decision, appreciating basic (13) and theories, and getting involved in fundamental controversies and debates. The humanistic values of higher (14) encourages the feeling of being (15) in a process with a self-developmental rhythm. (16) , even if your employers pursue enlightened personnel development (17) and invest heavily in " human capital " —for example, by rotating graduate trainees to (18) their work experiences—you are still likely to notice and feel (19) about some major restrictions of your (20) and activities compared with a study environment.

A:laws B:rules C:policies D:studies

A narrowing of your work interests is implied in almost any transition from a study environment to managerial or professional work. In the humanities and social sciences you will at best reuse only a fraction of the material (26) in three or four years’ study. In most career paths academic knowledge only (2) a background to much more applied decision-making. Even with a "training" form of degree, (3) a few of the procedures or methods (4) in your studies are likely to be continuously relevant in your work. Partly (5) reflects the greater specialization of most work tasks compared (6) studying. Many graduates are not (7) with the variety involved in (8) from degree study in at least four or five subjects a year (9) very standardized job demands. Academic work values (10) inventiveness, originality, and the cultivation of self-realization and self-development. Emphasis is placed (11) generating new ideas and knowledge, assembling (12) information to make a "rational" decision, appreciating basic (13) and theories, and getting involved in fundamental controversies and debates. The humanistic values of higher (14) encourages the feeling of being (15) in a process with a self-developmental rhythm. (16) , even if your employers pursue enlightened personnel development (17) and invest heavily in "human capital"—for example, by rotating graduate trainees to (18) their work experiences—you are still likely to notice and feel (19) about some major restrictions of your (20) and activities compared with a study environment.

A:laws B:rules C:policies D:studies

The first name for the Open University was "The University of the (36) ". The idea is to teach "on the air”, in other (37) , on radio and television. Most of the teaching is done like this. Radio and television (38) brought the classroom into people’s (39) . But this, on its own, is not (40) for a university education. The Open University (41) also receives advice at one of 283 study centers in the country. Thirty-six weeks of the year he has to send (42) work to a "tutor", the person who guides his (43) . He must also spend three weeks every summer (44) a full-time student. The tutors and students meet and study together, as in other universities. At the end of the Open University’s first year, the results were good. Three out of every four students (45) their examinations. If they do this every year, they will finish their studies in four or five years.

A:studies  B:teachings  C:works  D:examinations

? ?阅读下面的短文，文中有15处空白，每处空白给出了4个选项，请根据短文的内容从 4个选项中选择1个最佳答案。

A:studies B:events C:developments D:decisions

Science and Truth "FINAGLE"（　） is not a word that most people associate with science. One reason is that the image of the scientist is of one who always __________ (51) data in an impartial （　） search for truth. In any debate- ___________ (52)intelligence, schooling, energy - the phrase "science says" usually disarms opposition. But scientists have long acknowledged the existence of a "finagle factor" - a tendency by many scientists to give a helpful change to the data to __________ (53) desired results. The latest of the finagle factor in action comes from Stephen Jay Gould, a Harvard biologist, who has ___________ (54) the important 19th century work of Dr. Samuel George Morton. Morton was famous in his time for analyzing the brain ____________ (55) of the skulls as a measure of intelligence. He concluded that whites had the largest brains, that the brains of Indians and blacks were smaller, and _______ (56), that whites constitute a superior race. Gould went back to Morton’s original data and concluded that the ____________ (57) were an example of the finagle at work. He found that Morton’s "discovery" was made by leaving out embarrassing data, ___________ (58) incorrect procedures, and changing his criteria - again, always in favour of, his argument. Morton has been thoroughly discredited by now and scientists do not believe that brain size reflects __________ (59). But Gould went on to say Morton’s story is only an example of a common problem in ____________(60) work. Some of the leading figures in science are ________________ (61) to have used the finagle factor. Gould says that Isaac Newton fudged out （　） to support at least three central statements that he could not prove. And so _____________ (62)Laudius Ptolemy, the Greek astronomer, whose master work, Almagest, summed up the case for a solar system that had the earth as its center. Recent _____________ (63) indicate that Ptolemy either faked some key data or resorted heavily to the finagle factor. All this is important because the finagle factor is still at work. For example, in the artificial sweetener controversy, for example, it is ________ (64) that all the studies sponsored by the sugar industry find that the artificial sweetener is unsafe, ________ (65) all the studies sponsored by the diet food industry find nothing wrong with it.

A:studies B:events C:developments D:decisions