The baby monkey is much more developed at birth than the human baby. Almost from the moment it is born, the baby monkey can move around and hold tightly to its mother. During the first few days of its life the baby will approach and hold onto almost any large, warm, and soft object in its environment, particularly if that object also gives it milk. After a week or so, however, the baby monkey begins to avoid newcomers and focuses its attentions on “mother”—the real mother or the mother-substitute (母亲替代物). During the first two weeks of its life warmth is perhaps the most important psychological thing that a monkey mother has to give to its baby. The Harlows, a couple who are both psychologists, discovered this fact by offering baby monkeys a choice of two types of mother-substitutes—one covered with cloth and one made of bare wire. If the two artificial mothers were both the same temperature, the little monkeys always preferred the cloth mother. However, if the wire model was heated, while the cloth model was cool, for the first two weeks after birth the baby monkeys picked the warm wire mother-substitutes as their favorites. Thereafter they switched and spent most of their time on the more comfortable cloth mother. Why is cloth preferable to bare wire Something that the Harlows called contact (接触) comfort seems to be the answer, and a most powerful influence it is. Baby monkeys spend much of their time rubbing against their mothers’ skins, putting themselves in as close contact with the parent as they can. Whenever the young animal is frightened, disturbed, or annoyed, it typically rushes to its mother and rubs itself against her body. Wire doesn’t “rub” as well as does soft wire cloth. Prolonged (长时间的) “contact comfort” with a cloth mother appears to give the babies confidence and is much more rewarding to them than is either warmth or milk. According to the Harlows, the basic quality of a baby’s love for its mother is trust. If the baby is put into an unfamiliar playroom without its mother, the baby ignores the toys no matter how interesting they might be. It screams in terror and curls up into a furry little ball. If its cloth mother is now introduced into the playroom, the baby rushes to it and holds onto it for dear life. After a few minutes of contact comfort, it obviously begins to feel more secure. It then climbs down from the mother-substitute and begins to explore the toys, but often rushes back for a deep embrace (拥抱) as if to make sure that its mother is still there and that all is well. Bit by bit its fears of the new environment are gone and it spends more and more time playing with the toys and less and less time holding on to its “mother.” Psychologically, what does the baby monkey desire most during the first two weeks of its life

A:Warmth B:Milk C:Contact D:Trust

Text 1
Whether the eyes are "the window of the soul" is debatable; that they are intensely important in interpersonal communication is a fact during the first two months of a baby’s life, the stimulus that produces a smile is a pair of eyes. The eyes need not be real: a mask with two dots will produce a smile, significantly, a real human face with eyes covered will not motivate a smile, nor will the sight of only one eye when the face is presented in profile. This attraction to eyes as opposed to the nose or mouth continues as the baby matures. In one study, when American four- year-olds were asked to draw people, 75 percent of them drew people with mouths, but 99 percent of them drew people with eyes. In Japan, however, where babies are carried on their mother’s back, infants do not acquire as much attachment to eyes as they do in other cultures. As a result, Japanese adults’ make little use of the face either to encode or decode meaning..In fact, Argyle reveals that the "proper place to focus one’s gaze during a conversation in Japan is on the neck of one’s conversation partner."
The role of eye contact in a conversational exchange between two Americans is well defined: speakers make contact with the eyes of their listener for about one second, then glance away as they talk; in a few moments they reestablish eye contact with the listener or reassure themselves that their audience is still attentive, then shift their gaze away once more. Listeners, meanwhile, keep their eyes on the face of the speaker, allowing themselves to glance away only briefly. It is important that they be looking at the speaker at the precise moment when the speaker reestablishes eye contact: if they are not looking, the speaker assumes that they are disinterested and either will pause until eye contact is resumed or will terminate the conversation. Just how critical this eye maneuvering is to the maintenance of conversational flow becomes evident when two speakers are wearing dark glasses; there may be a sort of traffic jam of words caused by interruption, false starts, and unpredictable pauses.

A:temporary glancing away from the listener B:eye contact of more than one second C:improperly-imed ceasing of eye contact D:constant adjustment of eye contact

Today a pilot is totally dependent on what the air traffic controller on the ground tells him. He can’t see enough to be safe. Flight watch is an instrument intended to help him.
On a screen in front of the pilot, there will be a map of the (21) around the plane. The pilot’s own (22) level or height and his own plane at the center of the (23) will show up. On the map any other planes in the airspace will (24) as spots of light with "tails" showing the direction of their light. The flight watch map is (25) for the other planes are not shown at their true (26) , but at their distances away in flying time. This (27) the problem of fast planes being too far away to be seen (28) likely to make contact in seconds and (29) planes that are close enough to be seen but so slow that there’s no chance of (30) for, say, ten minutes.
The pilot will be able to see on the screen whether another plane’s course conflicts with (31) . The screen will show him the flight number of the other plane, so he can contact air traffic control and ask them about the other plane’s course. Then he can take (32) action if necessary. The screen will show him whether his action puts him (33) from yet another aircraft.
Technically, the (34) will be quite complex. Computers will be necessary on the ground and (35) each aircraft to enable Flight watch to collect data about the plane courses and to calculate the distances between planes. But such small computers are now quite cheap, simple and reliable.

A:meeting B:contact C:escaping D:catching up

Passage Two
Eye contact is a nonverbal technique that helps the speaker "sell" his or her ideas to an audience. Besides its persuasive powers, eye contact helps hold listeners’ interest. A successful speaker must maintain eye contact with an audience. To have good rapport (关系) with listeners, a speaker should maintain direct eye contact for at least 75 percent of the time. Some speakers focus exclusively on their notes. Others gaze over the heads of their listeners. Both are likely to lose audience interest and esteem. People who maintain eye contact while speaking, whether from a podium (演讲台) or from across the table are "regarded not only as exceptionally well-disposed by their target but also as more believable and earnest."
To show the potency of eye contact in daily life, we have only to consider how passersby behave when their glances happen to meet on the street. At one extreme are those people who feel obliged to smile when they make eye contact. At the other extreme are those who feel awkward and immediately look away. To make eye contact, it seems, is to make a certain link with someone.
Eye contact with an audience also lets a speaker know and monitor the listeners. It is, in fact, essential for analyzing an audience during a speech. Visual cues (暗示) from audience members can indicate that a speech is dragging, that the speaker is dwelling on a particular point for too long, or that a particular point requires further explanation. As we have pointed out, visual feedback from listeners should play an important role in shaping a speech as it is delivered.

A:the importance of eye contact B:the potency of nonverbal techniques C:successful speech delivery D:an effective way to gain visual feedbacks

Today a pilot is totally dependent on what the air traffic controller on the ground tells him. He can’t see enough to be safe. Flight watch is an instrument intended to help him.
On a screen in front of the pilot, there will be a map of the (21) around the plane. The pilot’s own (22) level or height and his own plane at the center of the (23) will show up. On the map any other planes in the airspace will (24) as spots of light with "tails" showing the direction of their light. The flight watch map is (25) for the other planes are not shown at their true (26) , but at their distances away in flying time. This (27) the problem of fast planes being too far away to be seen (28) likely to make contact in seconds and (29) planes that are close enough to be seen but so slow that there’s no chance of (30) for, say, ten minutes.
The pilot will be able to see on the screen whether another plane’s course conflicts with (31) . The screen will show him the flight number of the other plane, so he can contact air traffic control and ask them about the other plane’s course. Then he can take (32) action if necessary. The screen will show him whether his action puts him (33) from yet another aircraft.
Technically, the (34) will be quite complex. Computers will be necessary on the ground and (35) each aircraft to enable Flight watch to collect data about the plane courses and to calculate the distances between planes. But such small computers are now quite cheap, simple and reliable.

A:meeting B:contact C:escaping D:catching up

Passage Two
Eye contact is a nonverbal technique that helps the speaker "sell" his or her ideas to an audience. Besides its persuasive powers, eye contact helps hold listeners’ interest. A successful speaker must maintain eye contact with an audience. To have good rapport (关系) with listeners, a speaker should maintain direct eye contact for at least 75 percent of the time. Some speakers focus exclusively on their notes. Others gaze over the heads of their listeners. Both are likely to lose audience interest and esteem. People who maintain eye contact while speaking, whether from a podium (演讲台) or from across the table are "regarded not only as exceptionally well-disposed by their target but also as more believable and earnest."
To show the potency of eye contact in daily life, we have only to consider how passersby behave when their glances happen to meet on the street. At one extreme are those people who feel obliged to smile when they make eye contact. At the other extreme are those who feel awkward and immediately look away. To make eye contact, it seems, is to make a certain link with someone.
Eye contact with an audience also lets a speaker know and monitor the listeners. It is, in fact, essential for analyzing an audience during a speech. Visual cues (暗示) from audience members can indicate that a speech is dragging, that the speaker is dwelling on a particular point for too long, or that a particular point requires further explanation. As we have pointed out, visual feedback from listeners should play an important role in shaping a speech as it is delivered.

A:the importance of eye contact B:the potency of nonverbal techniques C:successful speech delivery D:an effective way to gain visual feedbacks

Researchers in the Netherlands used ferrets to study the transmission of H1N1 and found that the disease was efficiently transmitted by small airborne particles. An earlier study examining a different flu strain in guinea pigs found that the animals did not pick up the vires from contaminated cages. That suggests that you’re not really safer from the flu virus if you scrub your hands, paws, or cages because the virus travels through the air. While there’s not enough evidence to conclusively say the flu works the same way for humans, the current research suggests that the H1N1 flu travels mostly by air. not via hand - to - hand contact - and therefore won’t be prevented through hand - washing.
According to the study of researchers in the Netherlands, H1N1 viruses are transmitted

A:through hand - to - hand contact. B:through the air. C:through skin contact. D:through coughin