词汇语法
词汇语法
Some things we know about language
Many things about language are a mystery, and many will always remain so．But some things we do know．
First, we know that all human beings have a language of some sort．There is no race of men anywhere on earth so backward that it has no language, no set of speech sounds by which the people communicate with one mother．Furthermore, in historical times, there has never been a race of men without a language．
Second, there is no such thing as a primitive language．There are many people whose cultures are undeveloped, who are, as we say, uncivilized. but the languages they speak are not primitive．In all known 1anguages we can see complexities that must have been 1 tens of thousands of years in developing．
This has not always been well understood；indeed, the direct contrary 2 has often been stated． Popular ideas of the language of the American Indians will illustrate．Many people have supposed that the Indians communicated in a very primitive system of noises．Study has proved this to be nonsense．There are, or were, hundreds of American Indian languages, and a11 of them rum out 3 to be very complicated and very old. They are certainly different from the languages that most of us are familiar with, but they are no more primitive than English and Greek 4．
A third thing we know about language is that all languages are perfectly adequate．That is, each one is a perfect means of expressing the culture of the people who speak the language．
Finally, we know that language changes．It is natural and normal for language to change； the only languages which do not change are the dead ones．This is easy to understand if we look backward in time．Change goes on in all aspects of language．Grammatical features change as do speech sounds, and changes in vocabulary are sometimes very extensive and may occur very rapidly．Vocabulary is the least stable part of any language 5.
词汇：
race/[reɪs] n.种族
primitive [ˈprɪmətɪv] adj.原始的
uncivilized [ʌnˈsɪvəlaɪzd] adj.不开化的, 落后的
complexity [kəm"pleksətɪ] n.复杂性, 复杂现象
nonsense [ˈnɔnsəns] n.胡说, 没有根据的话
extensive/[ɪkˈstensɪv] adj.广泛的
vocabulary [və"kæbjələrɪ] n.词汇
注释：
1．must have( been) done:must+动词的完成式，表示对过去发生的事情的猜测。
2．the direct contrary:完全相反（的观点，看法）
3．turn out:结果（是），原来（是）
4．no more... than...：同……一样不……
5．the least stable part of any language:任何语言中最不稳定的部分。
According to the author, language changes are most likely to occur in
A:grammar B:pronunciation C:vocabulary D:intonation
Text 2
The U.S. government has recently helped people learn more about the dangers of earthquakes by publishing a map. This map shows the chances of an earthquake in each part of the country. The areas of the map where earthquakes are most likely to occur are called earth quake "belts" where government is spending a great deal of money and is working hard to help discover the answer to these two questions;
1. Can we predict earthquakes
2. Can we control earthquakes
To answer the first question, scientists are looking very closely at the most active fault(断层) systems in the country, such as the San Andreas fault in California. A fault is a. break between two sections of the earth’ s surface. These breaks .between sections are the places where earthquakes occur. Scientists look at the faults for changes, which might show that an earthquake was about to occur. But it will probably be many years before we can predict earthquakes accurately. And the control’ of earthquakes is even farther away.
Nevertheless, there have been some interesting developments in the field of controlling earthquakes. The most interesting development concerns the Rocky Mountain Arsenal earthquakes. Here water was put into a layer of rocks 4,000 meters below the surface of the ground. Shortly after this injection of water, there were a small number of earthquakes. Scientists. have decided that the water which was injected into the rocks worked like oil on each other. When the water "oiled" the fault, the fault became slippery and the energy of an earthquake was released. Scientists are still experimenting at the site of these earthquakes. They have realized that there is a connection between the injection of the water and the earthquake activity. They have suggested that it might be possible to use this knowledge to prevent very big, destructive earthquakes, that is, scientists could inject some kind of fluid-like water into faults and change one big earthquake into a number of small, harmless earthquakes.
A:They occur at about 4,000 meters below ground level. B:The injection of water into earthquake faults prevents earthquakes from occurring. C:They are usually caused by the oil in the faults. D:Harmful earthquakes can be possibly prevented by causing small, harmless earthquakes.
Text 2
The U.S. government has recently helped people learn more about the dangers of earthquakes by publishing a map. This map shows the chances of an earthquake in each part of the country. The areas of the map where earthquakes are most likely to occur are called earth quake "belts" where government is spending a great deal of money and is working hard to help discover the answer to these two questions;
1. Can we predict earthquakes
2. Can we control earthquakes
To answer the first question, scientists are looking very closely at the most active fault(断层) systems in the country, such as the San Andreas fault in California. A fault is a. break between two sections of the earth’ s surface. These breaks .between sections are the places where earthquakes occur. Scientists look at the faults for changes, which might show that an earthquake was about to occur. But it will probably be many years before we can predict earthquakes accurately. And the control’ of earthquakes is even farther away.
Nevertheless, there have been some interesting developments in the field of controlling earthquakes. The most interesting development concerns the Rocky Mountain Arsenal earthquakes. Here water was put into a layer of rocks 4,000 meters below the surface of the ground. Shortly after this injection of water, there were a small number of earthquakes. Scientists. have decided that the water which was injected into the rocks worked like oil on each other. When the water "oiled" the fault, the fault became slippery and the energy of an earthquake was released. Scientists are still experimenting at the site of these earthquakes. They have realized that there is a connection between the injection of the water and the earthquake activity. They have suggested that it might be possible to use this knowledge to prevent very big, destructive earthquakes, that is, scientists could inject some kind of fluid-like water into faults and change one big earthquake into a number of small, harmless earthquakes.
A:maps that show where earthquakes are likely to occur B:zones with a high probability of earthquakes C:breaks between two sections of the earth' s surface D:the two layers of earth along a fault
Text 2
The U.S. government has recently helped people learn more about the dangers of earthquakes by publishing a map. This map shows the chances of an earthquake in each part of the country. The areas of the map where earthquakes are most likely to occur are called earth quake "belts" where government is spending a great deal of money and is working hard to help discover the answer to these two questions;
1. Can we predict earthquakes
2. Can we control earthquakes
To answer the first question, scientists are looking very closely at the most active fault(断层) systems in the country, such as the San Andreas fault in California. A fault is a. break between two sections of the earth’ s surface. These breaks .between sections are the places where earthquakes occur. Scientists look at the faults for changes, which might show that an earthquake was about to occur. But it will probably be many years before we can predict earthquakes accurately. And the control’ of earthquakes is even farther away.
Nevertheless, there have been some interesting developments in the field of controlling earthquakes. The most interesting development concerns the Rocky Mountain Arsenal earthquakes. Here water was put into a layer of rocks 4,000 meters below the surface of the ground. Shortly after this injection of water, there were a small number of earthquakes. Scientists. have decided that the water which was injected into the rocks worked like oil on each other. When the water "oiled" the fault, the fault became slippery and the energy of an earthquake was released. Scientists are still experimenting at the site of these earthquakes. They have realized that there is a connection between the injection of the water and the earthquake activity. They have suggested that it might be possible to use this knowledge to prevent very big, destructive earthquakes, that is, scientists could inject some kind of fluid-like water into faults and change one big earthquake into a number of small, harmless earthquakes.
A:maps that show where earthquakes are likely to occur B:zones with a high probability of earthquakes C:breaks between two sections of the earth' s surface D:the two layers of earth along a fault
{{B}}第三篇{{/B}}
|
Black Holes Trigger Stars to
Self-Destruct ? ?Scientists have long understood that super massive black holes weighing millions or billions of suns can tear apart stars that come too close. The black hole’s gravity pulls harder on the nearest part of the star, an imbalance that pulls ’the star apart over a period of minutes or hours, once it gets close enough. ? ?Scientists say this uneven pulling is not the only hazard facing the star. The strain of these unbalanced forces can also trigger a nuclear explosion powerful enough to destroy the star from within. Matthieu Brassart and Jean-Pierre Luminet of the Observatoire de Paris in Meudon, Francel, carried out computer simulations of the final moments of such an unfortunate star’s life, as it veered towards a super massive black hole. ? ?When the star gets close enough, the uneven forces flatten it into a pancake shape. Some previous studies had suggested this flattening would increase the density and temperature inside the star enough to trigger intense nuclear reactions that would tear it apart. But other studies had suggested that the picture would be complicated by shock waves generated during the flattening process and that no nuclear explosion should occur. ? ?The new simulations investigated the effects of shock waves in detail, and found that even when their effects are included, the conditions favor a nuclear explosion. "There will be an explosion of the star—it will be completely destroyed," Brassart says. Although the explosion obliterates the star, it saves some of the star’s matter from being devoured by the black hole. The explosion is powerful enough to hurl much of the star’s matter out of the black hole’s reach, he says. ? ?The devouring of stars by black holes may already have been observed, although at a much later stage. It is thought that several months after the event that rips the star apart, its matter starts swirling into the hole itself. It heats up as it does so, releasing ultraviolet light and X-rays. ? ?If stars disrupted near black holes really do explode, then they could in principle allow these events to be detected at a much earlier stage, says Jules Halpern of Columbia University in New York, US2. "It may make it possible to see the disruption of that star immediately if it gets hot enough," he says. ? ?Brassart agrees. "Perhaps it can be observed in the X-rays and gamma rays, but it’s something that needs to be more studied," he says. Supernova researcher Chris Fryer of the Los Alamos National Laboratory in Los Alamos, New Mexico, US3, says the deaths of these stars are difficult to simulate, and he is not sure whether the researchers have proven their case that they explode in the process. |
A:whether nuclear reaction would occur. B:whether the stars would increase its density and temperature. C:whether shock waves would occur. D:whether the uneven forces would flatten the stars.
{{B}}第二篇{{/B}}
|
Black Holes Trigger Stars’
Self-destruction ? ?Scientists have long understood that super massive (大块的) black holes weighing. Millions or billions of suns can tear apart stars that come too close. The black hole’s gravity (地心引力) pulls harder on the neatest part of the star, an imbalance that pulls the star apart over a period of minutes or hours, once it gets close enough. ? ?Scientists say this uneven pulling is not the only hazard (冒险) facing the star. The strain of these unbalanced forces can also trigger (触发) a nuclear explosion powerful enough to destroy the star from within. Matthieu Brassart and Jean-Pierre Luminet of the Observatoire of the Paris in Meudon, France, carried out computer simulations of the final moments of such an unfortunate star’s life, as it veered towards a supermassive black hole. ? ?When the star gets Close enough, the uneven forces flatten it into a pancake shape. Some previous studies had suggested this flattening would increase the density and temperature inside the star enough to trigger intense nuclear reactions that would tear it apart (扯开). But other studies had suggested that the picture would he complicated by shock waves generated during the flattening process and that not nuclear explosion should occur. ? ?The new simulations investigated the effects of shock waves in detail, and fund that even when their effects are included; the conditions favor a nuclear explosion. "There will be an explosion of the star. It will be completely destroyed," Brassart says. Although the explosion obliterates the star, it saves some of the start’s matter from being devoured by the black hole. The explosion is powerful enough to hurt much of the star’s matter out of the black hole’s reach, he says. ? ?The devouring of stars by black holes may already have been observed, although at a much later stage. It is thought that several months after the event that rips the star apart, its matter starts swirling into the hole itself. It heats up as it does so, releasing ultraviolet light and X-rays. ? ?If stars disrupted (使分裂) near black holes really do explode, then they could in principle allow these events to be detected at a much earlier stage, says Jules Halpern of Columbia University in New York, US. "It may make it possible to see the disruption of that star immediately if it gets hot enough. " ? ?Brassart aggress. "Perhaps it can be observed in the X-rays and gamma rays, but it’s something that needs to be more studied , "he says. Supernova researcher Chris Fryer of the Los Alamos National Laboratory in Los Almos, New Mexico, US, says the deaths of these stars are difficult to simulate, and he is not sure whether the researchers have proven their case they exploded in the process. |
A:whether nuclear reaction would occur. B:whether the stars would increase its density and temperature. C:whether shock waves would occur. D:whether the uneven forces would flatten the stars.
第一篇 Pushbike Danger Low speed bicycle crashes can badly injure——or even kill——children if they fall onto the ends of the handlebars(车把)．So a team of engineers is redesigning it to make it safer Kristy Arbogast，a bioengineer at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia in Pennsylvania， began the project with her colleagues．The cases they reviewed about serious abdominal(腹部的) injuries in children in the past 30 years showed that more than a third were caused by bicycle accidents．”The task was to identify how the injuries occurred and come up with seine countermeasures，”she says By interviewing the children and their parents，Arbogast and her team were able to reconstruct many of the accidents and identified a common cause for serious injuries They discovered that most cases occur when children hit an obstacle at slow speed，causing them to topple f摇摆)over．To maintain their balance the children turn the handlebars through 90 degrees—but their momentum(冲力)forces them into the end of the handlebars．The bike then falls over and the other end of the handlebars hits the ground，pushing it in to their abdomen(腹部)． The solution the group came up with is a handgrip (握柄)fitted with a spring and damping(减速)system. The spring absorbs up to 50 per cent of the forces transmitted(传递)through the handlebars in all impact．The group hopes to commercialize the device，which should add only a few dollars to t}le cost of a bike．“But our task has been one of education because up until now．bicycle manufacturers were unaware of the problem，”says Arbogast． Paragraph 3 mainly discusses
A:why the children and their parents were interviewed B:how serious abdominal injuries occur. C:when the children turn the handlebars D:what stops bicycle accidents
?
?下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题，每题后面有4个选项。请仔细阅读短文，并根据短文回答其后面的问题，从4个选项中选择1个最佳答案。
{{B}}第一篇{{/B}}
A:one without which it is impossible for the effect to occur B:one of the causes that can produce the effect C:one that is enough to make the effect occur D:none of them
