词汇语法
词汇语法
Teaching Math, Teaching Anxiety
In a new study about the way kids learn math in elementary school, the psychologists at the
University of Chicagol1 Sian Beilock and Susan Levine found a surprising relationship between what female teachers think and what female students learn:If a female teacher is uncomfortable with her own math skills, then her female students are more likely to believe that boys are better than girls at math.
"If these girls keep getting math-anxious female teachers2 in later grades, it may create a snowball effect on their math achievement3 said Levine. In other words,girls may end up learning math anxiety from their teachers4. The study suggests that if these girls grow up believing that boys are better at math than girls are,then these girls may not do as well as they would have if
they were more confident.
Just as students find certain subjects to be difficult, teachers can find certain subjects to be
difficult to learn -- and teach. The subject of math can be particularly difficult for everyone.
Researchers use the word "anxiety" to describe such feelings: anxiety is uneasiness or worry.
The new study found that when a teacher has anxiety about math, that feeling can influence
how her female students feel about math. The study involved 65 girls,52 boys and 17 first- and
second-grade teachers in elementary schools in the Midwest. The students took math achievement tests at the beginning and end of the school year, and the researchers compared the scores.
The researchers also gave the students tests to tell whether the students believed that a math superstar had to be a boy. Then the researchers turned to the teachers:To find out which teachers were anxious about math,the researchers asked the teachers how they felt at times when they came across math, such as when reading a sales receipt5. A teacher who got nervous looking at the numbers on a sales receipt, for example,was probably anxious about math.
Boys,on average,were unaffected by a teacher"s anxiety. On average,girls with math-anxious
teachers scored lower on the end-of-the-year math tests than other girls in the study did.Plus,on the test showing whether someone thought a math superstar had to be a boy,20 girls showed feeling that boys would be better at math -- and all of these girls had been taught by female teachers who had math anxiety.
"This is an interesting study,but the results need to be interpreted as preliminary and in need
of replication with a larger sample6," said David Geary,a psychologist at the University of Missouri7 in Columbia.
词汇：
snowball /"snəubɔ:l/雪球；滚雪球式增长的事
replication/repli"keiʃən/ n ．重复，复现
superstar/"sju:pəsta:/ n．超级明星
注释：
1. University of Chicago：芝加哥大学。位于美国伊利诺伊州芝加哥市，是世界一流的私立大学，创建于1891 年。
2. keep getting math-anxious female teachers：一直由对数学有焦虑感的女教师教授数学。此处getting是having的意思，math-anxious指的是上文中提到的对数学没有自信的心理状态。另见第三段最后一句对anxiety的解释。
3. snowball effect on their math achievement：在数学成就上的雪球效应。其含义是：在数学上越来越没有信心。
4. end up learning math anxiety from their teachers：最后从老师那里获得的是对数学的焦虑。End up doing something：最终会做某事
5. sales receipt：销售清单
6. in need of replication with a larger sample：需要用更大的调查样本进行重复验证。replication
在量化实证研究中的意思是“重复（实验）”。
7. the University of Missouri：密苏里大学。位于密苏里州，是美国一所公立研究型大学，创建于1839年。What is implied in the third paragraph?
A:Math teachers,like math learners,do not like the subject due to its difficulty. B:A difficult subject like math may affect teachers" confidence in teaching the subject. C:Teachers are more anxious teaching math than their students learning math. D:Math is so difficult that no teachers like to teach it.
Teaching Math, Teaching Anxiety
In a new study about the way kids learn math in elementary school, the psychologists at the
University of Chicagol1 Sian Beilock and Susan Levine found a surprising relationship between what female teachers think and what female students learn:If a female teacher is uncomfortable with her own math skills, then her female students are more likely to believe that boys are better than girls at math.
"If these girls keep getting math-anxious female teachers2 in later grades, it may create a snowball effect on their math achievement3 said Levine. In other words,girls may end up learning math anxiety from their teachers4. The study suggests that if these girls grow up believing that boys are better at math than girls are,then these girls may not do as well as they would have if
they were more confident.
Just as students find certain subjects to be difficult, teachers can find certain subjects to be
difficult to learn -- and teach. The subject of math can be particularly difficult for everyone.
Researchers use the word "anxiety" to describe such feelings: anxiety is uneasiness or worry.
The new study found that when a teacher has anxiety about math, that feeling can influence
how her female students feel about math. The study involved 65 girls,52 boys and 17 first- and
second-grade teachers in elementary schools in the Midwest. The students took math achievement tests at the beginning and end of the school year, and the researchers compared the scores.
The researchers also gave the students tests to tell whether the students believed that a math superstar had to be a boy. Then the researchers turned to the teachers:To find out which teachers were anxious about math,the researchers asked the teachers how they felt at times when they came across math, such as when reading a sales receipt5. A teacher who got nervous looking at the numbers on a sales receipt, for example,was probably anxious about math.
Boys,on average,were unaffected by a teacher"s anxiety. On average,girls with math-anxious
teachers scored lower on the end-of-the-year math tests than other girls in the study did.Plus,on the test showing whether someone thought a math superstar had to be a boy,20 girls showed feeling that boys would be better at math -- and all of these girls had been taught by female teachers who had math anxiety.
"This is an interesting study,but the results need to be interpreted as preliminary and in need
of replication with a larger sample6," said David Geary,a psychologist at the University of Missouri7 in Columbia.
词汇：
snowball /"snəubɔ:l/雪球；滚雪球式增长的事
replication/repli"keiʃən/ n ．重复，复现
superstar/"sju:pəsta:/ n．超级明星
注释：
1. University of Chicago：芝加哥大学。位于美国伊利诺伊州芝加哥市，是世界一流的私立大学，创建于1891 年。
2. keep getting math-anxious female teachers：一直由对数学有焦虑感的女教师教授数学。此处getting是having的意思，math-anxious指的是上文中提到的对数学没有自信的心理状态。另见第三段最后一句对anxiety的解释。
3. snowball effect on their math achievement：在数学成就上的雪球效应。其含义是：在数学上越来越没有信心。
4. end up learning math anxiety from their teachers：最后从老师那里获得的是对数学的焦虑。End up doing something：最终会做某事
5. sales receipt：销售清单
6. in need of replication with a larger sample：需要用更大的调查样本进行重复验证。replication
在量化实证研究中的意思是“重复（实验）”。
7. the University of Missouri：密苏里大学。位于密苏里州，是美国一所公立研究型大学，创建于1839年。According to the experiment,those teachers were probably anxious about math when they felt
A:nervous memorizing the numbers of a sales receipt. B:helpless saving the numbers of a sales receipt. C:uneasy reading the numbers of a sales receipt. D:hopeless filling in the numbers of a sales report.
Smoke Gets in Your Mind
1. Lung cancer, hypertension, heart disease, birth defects—we are all too familiar with the dangers of smoking. But add to that list a frightening new concern. Mental illnes. According to some controversial new findings, if smoking does not kill you, it may, quite litter, drive you to despair。
2.The tobacco industry openly pushes its product as something to lift your mood and soothe anxiety. But the short-term feel-good effect may mask the truth: that smoking may worsen or even trigger anxiety disorders, panic attacks and depression, perhaps even schizophrenia.
3.Cigarettes and mental illness have always tended to go together. An estimated 1.25 billion people smoke worldwide. Yet people who are depressed or anxious are twice as likely to smoke, and up to 88 per cent of those with psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia smokers. A recent American survey concluded that around half of all cigarettes burn in the fingers of those with mental illness.
4.But the big question is why? The usual story is that the illness comes first. Mentally ill people take up smoking, or smoke more to alleviate some of their distress. Even when smoking seems to start before the illness, most doctors believe that early but invisible symptoms of the disorder spark the desire to light up1. But perhaps something more sinister is going on.
5.A growing number of researchers claim that smoking is the cause, not the consequence of clinical depression and several forms of anxiety. “We know a lot about the effects of smoking on physical health, and now we are also starting to see the adverse effects in new research on mental illness,” says Naomi Breslau, director of research at the Henry Ford Health Care System in Detroit.
6.Breslauwas one of the first to consider this heretical possibility. The hint came from studies, published in 1998, which followed a group2 of just over 1,000 young adults for a five-year period. The 13 per cent who began the study with major depression were around three times more likely to progress from being light smokers to daily smokers during the course of the study, though there was no evidence that depression increased the tendency to take up smoking. But a history of daily smoking before the study commenced roughly doubled the risk of developing major depression during the five-year period Smoking, it seems, could pre-date illness.
7.At firstBreslauconcluded that whatever prompts people to smoke might also make them depressed. But as the results of other much larger studies began to back the statistical link, she became more convinced than ever that what she was seeing were signs that smoking, perhaps the nicotine itself, could somehow affect the brain and cause depression.
8.One of these larger studies was led by Goodman, a pediatrician. She followed the health of two groups of teenagers for a year. the first group of 8,704 adolescents were not depressed, and might or might not have been smokers, while the second group of 6,947 were highly depressed and had not been smokers in the past month. After a year her team found that although depressed teenagers were more likely to have become heavy smokers, previous experimentation with smoking was the strongest predictor of such behaviour, not the depression itself3. What is more important is that teenagers who started out mentally fit but smoked at least one packet per week during the study were four times more likely to develop depression than their non-smoking peers. Goodman says that depression does not seem to start before cigarette use among teens. “Current cigarette use is however, a powerful determinant of developing high depressive symptoms.”
9.Breslau, too, finds that smokers are as much as four times more likely to have an isolated panic attack and three times more likely to develop longer-term panic disorder than non-smokers. It’s a hard message to get across4, because many smokers say they become anxious when they quit, not when they smoke. ButBreslausays that this is a short-lived effect of withdrawal which masks the reality that, in general, smokers have higher anxiety levels than non-smokers or ex-smokers.
词汇：
hypertension /ihaipa丨ten J(3)n/ n.高血压
schizophrenia /jskitss"friims/ n.精字申分裂症
psychotic /sai"kotik/ adj.精神分裂的
alleviate /a"liivieit/ v.减轻
sinister "sinister) / adj.不祥的
clinical /"khmk^l/ adj.临床的
heretical /hi丨retik(3)l/ adj.异端的
prompt /prompt/ v.促使
nicotine / 丨ndra丨tiin/ n.
paediatrician /ipiidis"tn^n/ n.儿禾斗医生
注释：
1.Even when smoking seems to start before the illness, most doctors believe that early but invisible symptoms of the disorder spark the desire to light up.即使病人是在得病之前就开始抽烟的，但 大多数医生相信早期一些没有觉察到的症状使病人产生了抽烟的欲望.
2.... studies ... which followed a group ...:…对一组……作跟踪的调查
3.... although depressed teenagers were more likely to have become heavy smokers, previous experimentation with smoking was the strongest predictor of such behaviour, not the depression itself.：……虽然情绪抑郁的少年更有可能成为瘾君子，但究其原因却往往是以前有过尝试 抽烟这样的经历，而不是情绪抑郁本身所致。
Paragraph 3 Paragraph 4 Paragraph 6 Paragraph 8
4.It"s a hard message to get across. :这个信息很难让人理解。
A. have been proved to be misleading
B. but to their mental health as well
C. taking up smoking
D. involved fewer people
E. they started to smoke at an early age
F. but their level of anxiety increases when they quite smokingTo contradict Breslau’s conclusion, many smokers say that they are less anxious when they smoke _________.
A:A B:B C:C D:D E:E F:F
The New York police were very anxious （ ）about the crime.
A:learn more B:learning more C:to learn more D:more to learn
The underlined part "keep an anxious eye on the state of his currency" means（ ）
A:take care not to be over-critical in his writing B:watch carefully to see that nobody else takes his job C:be careful to ensure that his comments retain their value D:be sure that his salary keeps pace with inflation
The New York police were very anxious ______ about the crime.
A:learn more B:learning more C:to learn more D:more to learn
The underlined part "keep an anxious eye on the state of his currency" means ______. ( )
A:take care not to be over-critical in his writing B:watch carefully to see that nobody else takes his job C:be careful to ensure that his comments retain their value D:be sure that his salary keeps pace with inflation
In a new study about the way kids learn math in elementary school, the psychologists at the University of Chicagol Sian Beilock and Susan Levine found a surprising relationship between what female teachers think and what female students learn: If a female teacher is uncomfortable with her own math skills, then her female students are more likely to believe that boys are better than girls at math.
"If these girls keep getting math-anxious female teachers in later grades, it may create a snowball effect on their math achievement," said Levine. In other words, girls may end up learning math anxiety from their teachers. The study suggests that if these girls grow up believing that boys are better at math than girls are, then these girls may not do as well as they would have if they were more confident.
Just as students find certain subjects to be difficult, teachers can find certain subjects to be difficult to learn—and teach. The subject of math can be particularly difficult for everyone. Researchers use the word "anxiety" to describe such feelings: anxiety is uneasiness or worry.
The new study found that when a teacher has anxiety about math, that feeling can influence how her female students feel about math. The study involved 65 girls, 52 boys and 17 first-and second-grade teachers in elementary schools in the Midwest. The students took math achievement tests at the beginning and end of the school year, and the researchers compared the scores.
The researchers also gave the students tests to tell whether the students believed that a math superstar had to be a boy. Then the researchers turned to the teachers: To find out which teachers were anxious about math, the researchers asked the teachers how they felt at times when they came across math, such as when reading a sales receipt. A teacher who got nervous looking at the numbers on a sales receipt, for example, was probably anxious about math.
Boys, on average, were unaffected by a teacher’s anxiety. On average, girls with math- anxious teachers scored lower on the end-of-the-year math tests than other girls in the study did. Plus, on the test showing whether someone thought a math superstar had to be a boy, 20 girls showed feeling that boys would be better at math—and all of these girls had been taught by female teachers who had math anxiety.
"This is an interesting study, but the results need to be interpreted as preliminary and in need of replication with a larger sample," said David Geary, a psychologist at the University of Missouri in Columbia.
A:Math teachers, like math learners, do not like the subject due to its difficulty. B:A difficult subject like math may affect teachers’ confidence in teaching the subject. C:Teachers are more anxious teaching math than their students learning math. D:Math is so difficult that no teachers like to teach it.
A:Teachers are more anxious teaching math than their students learning math. B:Math teachers, like math learners, do not like the subject due to its difficulty. C:A difficult subject like math may affect teachers’ confidence in teaching the subject. D:Math is so difficult that no teachers like to teach it.
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