To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke, "all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing." One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research. Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care. Leaders of the animal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on public funding, and few people understand the process of health care research. Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in research settings, many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal. For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animals―no meat, no fur, no medicines. Asked if she opposed immunizations, she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research. When assured that they do, she replied," Then I would have to say yes. "Asked what will happen when epidemics return, she said, "Don’’ t worry, scientists will find some way of using computers. "Such well-meaning people just don’’ t understand. Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate, understandable way--in human terms, not in the language of molecular biology. We need to make clear the connection between animal research and a grandmother’’ s hip replacement, a father’’ s bypass operation, a baby’’ s vaccinations, and even a pet’’ s shots. To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst. Much can be done. Scientists could" adopt" middle school classes and present their own research. They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth. Research institutions could be opened to tours, to show that laboratory animals receive humane care. Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment. If good people do nothing, there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry, will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress. a well-known humanist.

A:a medical practitioner. B:an enthusiast in animal rights. C:a supporter of animal research.

? ?Factory farming could soon enter a new era of mass production. Companies in the US are developing the technology needed to "clone" chickens on a massive scale, once a chicken with desirable traits has been bred or genetically engineered, tens of thousands of eggs, which will hatch into identical copies, could roll off the production lines every hour. Billions of clones could he produced each year to supply chicken farms with birds that all grow at the same rate, have the same amount of meat and taste the same.
? ?This, at least, is the vision of the US’s National Institute of Science and Technology, which has given Origen Therapeutics of Burlingame, California, and Embrex of North Carolina $ 4. 7 million to help fund research. The prospect has alarmed animal welfare groups, who fear it could increase the suffering of farm birds.
? ?That’s unlikely to put off the poultry industry, however, which wants disease resistant birds that grow faster on less food. "Producers would like the same meat quantity but to use reduced inputs to get there, " says Mike Fitzgerald of Origen. To meet this demand, Origen aims to "create an animal that is effectively a clone", he says. Normal cloning doesn’t work in birds because eggs can’t be removed and implanted, Instead, the company is trying to bulkgrow embryonic stem cells taken from fertilized eggs as soon as they’re laid. "The trick is to culture the cells without them starting to distinguish, so they remain pluripotent, " says Fitzgerald.
? ?Using a long-established technique, these donor cells will then be injected into the embryo of a freshly laid, fertilized recipient egg, forming a chick that is a "chimera". Strictly speaking a chimera isn’t a clone, because it contains cells from both donor and recipient. But Fitzgerald says it will be enough if, say, 95 percent of a chicken’s body develops from donor cells. "In the poultry world, it doesn’t matter if it’s not 100 percent, " he says.
? ?Another challenge for Origen is to scale up production. To do this, it has teamed up with Embrex, which produces machines that can inject vaccines into up to 50, 000 eggs an hour. Embrex is now trying to modify the machines to locate the embryo and inject the cells into precisely the right spot without killing it.
? ?In future, Origen imagines freezing stem cells from different strains of chicken. If orders come in for a particular strain, millions of eggs could be produced in months or even weeks. At present, maintaining all the varieties the market might call for is too expensive for breeders, and it takes years to bread enough chickens to produce the billions of eggs that farmers need.

Which institution has offered $ 4.7 million to fund the research?

A:The US’s National Institute of Science and Technology. B:Origen therapeutics of Burlingame, California. C:Embrex of North Carolina. D:Animal welfare groups.

Biotechnology Biotechnology in one form or another has flourished since prehistoric times. When the first human beings realized that they could plant their own crops and breed their own animals, they learned to use biotechnology. The discovery that fruit juices fermented(发酵) in wine, or that milk could be converted into cheese or yogurt(酸乳酶) or that beer could be made by fermenting solutions of malt(麦芽) and hops(啤酒花) began the study of biotechnology. When the first bakers found that they could make a soft, spongy(多乳的) bread rather than a firm, thin cracker they we’’re acting as fledgling(缺乏经验的) biotechnologists. The first animal breeders, realizing that different physical traits could be either magnified or lost by mating appropriate pairs of animals, engaged in the manipulations of biotechnology. What then is biotechnology? The term brings to mind different things. Some think of developing new types of animals. Others dream of almost unlimited sources of human therapeutic (治疗的) drugs. Still others envision (想象) the possibility of growing crops that are more nutritious(有养分的) and naturally pest-resistant (有抵抗力的) to feed a rapidly growing world population. This question elicits (引发) almost as many first-thought responses as there are people to whom the question can be posed. In its purest form, the term "biotechnology" refers to the use of living organisms or their products to modify human health and the human environment. Prehistoric biotechnologists did this as they used yeast cells to raise bread dough(生面团) and to ferment alcoholic beverages, and bacterial cells to make cheeses and yogurts and as they bred their strong, productive animals to make even stronger and more productive offspring. Throughout human history, we have learned a great deal about the different organisms that our ancestors used so effectively. The marked increase in our understanding of these organisms and their cell products gains us the ability to control the many functions of various cells and organisms. Using the techniques of gene splicing(叠接) and recombine DNA technology, we can now actually combine the genetic elements of two or more living cells. Functioning lengths of DNA can be taken from one organism and placed into the cells of another organism. As a result, for example, we can cause bacterial cells to produce human molecules cows can produce more milk or the same amount of feed, and we can synthesize the rapeutic molecules that have never before existed. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT an application of biotechnology?

A:People made beer by fermenting solutions of malt and hops. B:Bakers used flour and sugar to make a firm, thin cracker which is delicious. C:Workers converted milk into cheese. D:Animal breeders mated appropriate pairs of animals to magnify their traits.

Biotechnology Biotechnology in one form or another has flourished since prehistoric times. When the first human beings realized that they could plant their own crops and breed their own animals, they learned to use biotechnology. The discovery that fruit juices fermented(发酵) in wine, or that milk could be converted into cheese or yogurt(酸乳酶) or that beer could be made by fermenting solutions of malt(麦芽) and hops(啤酒花) began the study of biotechnology. When the first bakers found that they could make a soft, spongy(多乳的) bread rather than a firm, thin cracker they we’’re acting as fledgling(缺乏经验的) biotechnologists. The first animal breeders, realizing that different physical traits could be either magnified or lost by mating appropriate pairs of animals, engaged in the manipulations of biotechnology. What then is biotechnology? The term brings to mind different things. Some think of developing new types of animals. Others dream of almost unlimited sources of human therapeutic (治疗的) drugs. Still others envision (想象) the possibility of growing crops that are more nutritious(有养分的) and naturally pest-resistant (有抵抗力的) to feed a rapidly growing world population. This question elicits (引发) almost as many first-thought responses as there are people to whom the question can be posed. In its purest form, the term "biotechnology" refers to the use of living organisms or their products to modify human health and the human environment. Prehistoric biotechnologists did this as they used yeast cells to raise bread dough(生面团) and to ferment alcoholic beverages, and bacterial cells to make cheeses and yogurts and as they bred their strong, productive animals to make even stronger and more productive offspring. Throughout human history, we have learned a great deal about the different organisms that our ancestors used so effectively. The marked increase in our understanding of these organisms and their cell products gains us the ability to control the many functions of various cells and organisms. Using the techniques of gene splicing(叠接) and recombine DNA technology, we can now actually combine the genetic elements of two or more living cells. Functioning lengths of DNA can be taken from one organism and placed into the cells of another organism. As a result, for example, we can cause bacterial cells to produce human molecules cows can produce more milk or the same amount of feed, and we can synthesize the rapeutic molecules that have never before existed. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT an application of biotechnology?

A:People made beer by fermenting solutions of malt and hops. B:Bakers used flour and sugar to make a firm, thin cracker which is delicious. C:Workers converted milk into cheese. D:Animal breeders mated appropriate pairs of animals to magnify their traits.

Biotechnology Biotechnology in one form or another has flourished since prehistoric times. When the first human beings realized that they could plant their own crops and breed their own animals, they learned to use biotechnology. The discovery that fruit juices fermented(发酵) in wine, or that milk could be converted into cheese or yogurt(酸乳酶) or that beer could be made by fermenting solutions of malt(麦芽) and hops(啤酒花) began the study of biotechnology. When the first bakers found that they could make a soft, spongy(多乳的) bread rather than a firm, thin cracker they we’’re acting as fledgling(缺乏经验的) biotechnologists. The first animal breeders, realizing that different physical traits could be either magnified or lost by mating appropriate pairs of animals, engaged in the manipulations of biotechnology. What then is biotechnology? The term brings to mind different things. Some think of developing new types of animals. Others dream of almost unlimited sources of human therapeutic (治疗的) drugs. Still others envision (想象) the possibility of growing crops that are more nutritious(有养分的) and naturally pest-resistant (有抵抗力的) to feed a rapidly growing world population. This question elicits (引发) almost as many first-thought responses as there are people to whom the question can be posed. In its purest form, the term "biotechnology" refers to the use of living organisms or their products to modify human health and the human environment. Prehistoric biotechnologists did this as they used yeast cells to raise bread dough(生面团) and to ferment alcoholic beverages, and bacterial cells to make cheeses and yogurts and as they bred their strong, productive animals to make even stronger and more productive offspring. Throughout human history, we have learned a great deal about the different organisms that our ancestors used so effectively. The marked increase in our understanding of these organisms and their cell products gains us the ability to control the many functions of various cells and organisms. Using the techniques of gene splicing(叠接) and recombine DNA technology, we can now actually combine the genetic elements of two or more living cells. Functioning lengths of DNA can be taken from one organism and placed into the cells of another organism. As a result, for example, we can cause bacterial cells to produce human molecules cows can produce more milk or the same amount of feed, and we can synthesize the rapeutic molecules that have never before existed. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT an application of biotechnology?

A:People made beer by fermenting solutions of malt and hops. B:Bakers used flour and sugar to make a firm, thin cracker which is delicious. C:Workers converted milk into cheese. D:Animal breeders mated appropriate pairs of animals to magnify their traits.

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Which institution has offered $4.7 million to fund the research?

A:The US’s National Institute of Science and Technology. B:Origen Therapeutics of Burlingame, California. C:Embrex of North Carolina. D:Animal welfare groups.