Since 1939, numerous studies have been conducted to determine whether smoking is a health hazard. The trend of the evidence has been consistent and indicates that there is a serious health risk. Research teams have conducted studies that show beyond all reasonable doubt that tobacco smoking is associated with a shortened life expectancy¹.

    Cigarette smoking is believed by most research workers in this field to be an important factor in the development of cancer of the lungs and cancer of the throat and is believed to be related to cancer of some other organs of the body. Male cigarette smokers have a higher death rate from heart disease than non-smoking males. Female smokers are thought to be less affected because they do not breathe in the smoke so deeply.

    Apart from statistics, it might be helpful to look at what tobacco does to the human body. Smoke is a mixture of gases, vaporized chemicals, minute particles of ash and other solids. There is also nicotine, which is powerful poison, and black tar. As smoke is breathed in, all those components from deposits on the membranes of the lungs. One point of concentration is where the air tube and bronchus divides. Most lung cancer begins at this point.

    Filters and low tar tobacco² are claimed to make smoking to some extent safer, but they can only slightly reduce, not eliminate the hazards.

词汇：

vaporize  /"veɪpəraɪz/  v．(使)蒸发   

bronchus /ˈbrɒŋkəs/  n．支气管

nicotine  /ˈnɪkəti:n/   n．尼古丁   

filter /"fɪltə(r)/   n．过滤嘴

membrane /"membreɪn/ n.孔．膜

注释：

1.1ife expectancy：预期寿命

It is easy to determine whether smoking is hazardous

A:Right B:Wrong C:Not mentioned

Statuses are marvelous human inventions that enable us to get along with one another and to determine where we "fit" in society. As we go about our everyday lives, we mentally attempt to place people in terms of their statuses. For example, we must judge whether the person in the library is a reader or a librarian, whether the telephone caller is a friend or a salesman, whether the unfamiliar person on our property is a thief or a meter reader, and so on.
The statuses we assume often vary with the people we encounter and change throughout life. Most of us can, at very high speed, assume the statuses that various situations require. Much of social interaction consists of identifying and selecting among appropriate statuses and allowing other people to assume their statuses in relation to us. This means that we fit our actions to those of other people based on a constant mental process of appraisal and interpretation. Although some of us find the task more difficult than others, most of us perform it rather effortlessly.
A status has been compared to ready-made clothes. Within certain limits the buyer choose style and fabric. But an American is not free to choose the costume of a Chinese peasant or that of a Hindu prince. We must choose from among the clothing presented by fit, as well as by our pocketbook. Having made a choice from minor adjustments, we tend to be limited to what the stores choice among them is limited.

A:determine whether a person is fit for a certain job B:behave appropriately in relation to other people C:protect ourselves in unfamiliar situations D:make friends with other people

Formal economic forecasting is usually based on a (1) theory as to how the economy works. Some theories are complicated, and their application requires an elaborate (2) of cause and effect. Others are relatively simple, (3) most developments in the economy to one or two basic factors. Many economists, for example, believe that changes in the supply of money (4) the rate of growth of general business activity. Others (5) a central role to investment in new facilities-- housing, industrial plants, highways, and so forth. In the United States, where consumers (6) such a large share of economic activity, some economy believe that consumer decisions to (7) or save provide the principal (8) to the future course of the entire economy. Obviously the theory that a forecaster applies is of (9) importance to the forecasting process; it (10) his line of investigation, the statistics he will regard as most important, and many of the techniques he will apply.
Although economic theory may determine the general (11) of a forecast, judgment also often plays an important role. A forecaster may decide that the circumstances of the moment are (12) and that a forecast produced by the (13) statistical methods should be modified to take account of special current circumstances. This is particularly necessary when some event outside the Usual run of economic activity has an a (14) economic effect. For example, forecasts of 1987 economic activity in the United States were more accurate when the analyst correctly foresaw that the exchange value of the dollar would (15) sharply during the year that consumer spending would slacken, and that (16) rates would rise only moderately. None of these conclusions followed (17) purely economic analysis; they all required judgment as to future decisions (18) , an economist may decide to adjust an economic forecast that was made by traditional methods to take account of other unique (19) ; he may, for example, decide that consumers will (20) their spending patterns because of special circumstances such as rising price of imports or fear of threatened shortages.

A:resolve B:determine C:settle D:conclude

Formal economic forecasting is usually based on a (1) theory as to how the economy works. Some theories are complicated, and their application requires an elaborate (2) of cause and effect. Others are relatively simple, (3) most developments in the economy to one or two basic factors. Many economists, for example, believe that changes in the supply of money (4) the rate of growth of general business activity. Others (5) a central role to investment in new facilities-- housing, industrial plants, highways, and so forth. In the United States, where consumers (6) such a large share of economic activity, some economy believe that consumer decisions to (7) or save provide the principal (8) to the future course of the entire economy. Obviously the theory that a forecaster applies is of (9) importance to the forecasting process; it (10) his line of investigation, the statistics he will regard as most important, and many of the techniques he will apply.
Although economic theory may determine the general (11) of a forecast, judgment also often plays an important role. A forecaster may decide that the circumstances of the moment are (12) and that a forecast produced by the (13) statistical methods should be modified to take account of special current circumstances. This is particularly necessary when some event outside the Usual run of economic activity has an a (14) economic effect. For example, forecasts of 1987 economic activity in the United States were more accurate when the analyst correctly foresaw that the exchange value of the dollar would (15) sharply during the year that consumer spending would slacken, and that (16) rates would rise only moderately. None of these conclusions followed (17) purely economic analysis; they all required judgment as to future decisions (18) , an economist may decide to adjust an economic forecast that was made by traditional methods to take account of other unique (19) ; he may, for example, decide that consumers will (20) their spending patterns because of special circumstances such as rising price of imports or fear of threatened shortages.

A:resolve B:determine C:settle D:conclude

Formal economic forecasting is usually based on a (1) theory as to how the economy works. Some theories are complicated, and their application requires an elaborate (2) of cause and effect. Others are relatively simple, (3) most developments in the economy to one or two basic factors. Many economists, for example, believe that changes in the supply of money (4) the rate of growth of general business activity. Others (5) a central role to investment in new facilities-- housing, industrial plants, highways, and so forth. In the United States, where consumers (6) such a large share of economic activity, some economy believe that consumer decisions to (7) or save provide the principal (8) to the future course of the entire economy. Obviously the theory that a forecaster applies is of (9) importance to the forecasting process; it (10) his line of investigation, the statistics he will regard as most important, and many of the techniques he will apply.
Although economic theory may determine the general (11) of a forecast, judgment also often plays an important role. A forecaster may decide that the circumstances of the moment are (12) and that a forecast produced by the (13) statistical methods should be modified to take account of special current circumstances. This is particularly necessary when some event outside the Usual run of economic activity has an a (14) economic effect. For example, forecasts of 1987 economic activity in the United States were more accurate when the analyst correctly foresaw that the exchange value of the dollar would (15) sharply during the year that consumer spending would slacken, and that (16) rates would rise only moderately. None of these conclusions followed (17) purely economic analysis; they all required judgment as to future decisions (18) , an economist may decide to adjust an economic forecast that was made by traditional methods to take account of other unique (19) ; he may, for example, decide that consumers will (20) their spending patterns because of special circumstances such as rising price of imports or fear of threatened shortages.

A:resolve B:determine C:settle D:conclude

A:improve B:prefer C:ignore D:determine

Young adults who are fit have a higher IQ and are more (1) to go on to university, reveals a major new study carried out at the Sahlgrenska Academy and Sahlgrenska University Hospital.
The results were recently published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS). The study involved 1.2 million Swedish men doing military service who were born between 1950 and 1976. The research group analysed the (2) of both physical and IQ tests the youngsters took right after they started serving the army.
The study shows a clear link (3) good physical fitness and better results for the IQ test. The strongest links are for (4) thinking and verbal comprehension. But it is only fitness that plays a (5) in the results for the IQ test, and not strength. "Being fit means that you also have good heart and lung (6) and that your brain gets plenty of (7) , " says Michael Nilsson, professor at the Sahlgrenska Academy and chief physician at the Sahlgrenska University Hospital. "This may be one of the reasons (8) we can see a clear link with fitness, but not with muscular (9) . We are also seeing that there are growth factors that are important. "
By analysing data for twins, the researchers have been (10) to determine that it is primarily environmental factors and not genes that explain the link between fitness and a (11) IQ.
"We have also shown that those youngsters who (12) their physical fitness between the ages of 15 and 18 increase their cognitive performance," says Maria Aberg, researcher at the Sahlgrenska Academy and physician at Aby health centre. "This being the case, physical (13) is a subject that has an important place in schools, and is an absolute must if we want to do well in maths and other theoretical subjects. "
The researchers have also compared the results from fitness tests (14) national service with the socio-economic status of the men later in (15) . Those who were fit at 18 were more likely to go into higher education, and many secured more qualified jobs.

A:ignore B:improve C:like D:determine

A:ignore B:improve C:like D:determine