Privacy Worry May Keep HIV2¹ Patients from Therapy

    Patients infected with HIV are often concerned about² the confidentiality of their HIV-positive status. In fact, some patients are so worried that they will actually give up treatment to prevent the release of this information, according to a report published in the August issue of AIDS Care.

    Dr. Kathryn Whetten-Goldstein and colleagues from DukeUniversity,Durham, North Carolina³, studied the confidentiality issues of 15 HIV-infected patients from ruralNorth Carolinalocations. They were divided into groups designed to explore their attitudes toward, and experiences with, breaches in confidentiality.

    “The fear of a breach in confidentiality is definitely affecting the care that HIV-infected patients receive,”  Whetten-Goldstein said. “Most studied patients had experienced or knew someone who had experienced a breach in confidentiality.”

    “Two types of breaches occurred, ”Whetten-Goldstein noted. “The first was a more obvious type of breach. One example was a nurse who told her child that her patient was HIV-positive out of concern that her child would play with the patient’s child.⁴”

     “The other type of breach was more subtle, one that providers might not consider breaches, ⁵” Whetten-Goldstein explained. “This type of breach involves providers talking about a patient’s HIV status without the patient’s knowledge of the interaction.”

    “The law allows the sharing of information between providers within the same institution, but patient’s consent must be obtained before providers at different institutions can share information,” she pointed out.

    “Patients in the study wanted providers to tell them when they are going to share information with other providers and why it is being done,” Whetten-Goldstein said. “They also felt that providers should be punished when a breach occurs.”

    “However, because patients are often reluctant to seek legal action which may further expose their status, they felt that the system should regulate itself,” she added.

词汇：

privacy /ˈpraɪvəsi,ˈprɪvəsi/ n.隐私,秘密
breach /bri:tʃ/n.破坏,违反
therapy /"θerəpɪ/ n.疗法,治疗
consent /kən"sent/ n.答应,允许
confidentiality /ˌkɒnfɪˌdenʃiˈæləti/ n.保密性
regulate /"reɡjʊleɪt/ vt.调整

注释：

1.HIV (human immunodeficiency virus):人类免疫缺陷病毒
2.be concerned about:为……而担心（忧虑、烦恼）
3. North Carolina：(美国）北卡罗来纳州
4.One example was... with the patient’s child.例子之一就是某个护士由于担心自己的孩子会与病人的孩子一起玩,所以就告诉自己的孩子,这个病人是HIV阳性的病人。本句中who 至the patient’s child 是nurse 的定语从句,其中that her patient was HIV-positive又是told的宾语从句；out of concern (出于担心）是介词短语,作told的状语；而that her child would play with the patient’s child 则是concern的同位语从句。
5.one that providers might not consider breaches：即医生可能不认为是泄露个人机密的一类。one是代词,代替type,作the other type的同位语，that至breaches是one的定语从句，that在定语从句中作consider的宾语，breaches是宾语补足语。而provider则是指美国经保险公司认可为投保人看病的医生。

Worry about breaches in confidentiality of the HIV status has nothing to do with the curative effects on patients

A:Right B:Wrong C:Not mentioned

Privacy Worry May Keep HIV2¹ Patients from Therapy

    Patients infected with HIV are often concerned about² the confidentiality of their HIV-positive status. In fact, some patients are so worried that they will actually give up treatment to prevent the release of this information, according to a report published in the August issue of AIDS Care.

    Dr. Kathryn Whetten-Goldstein and colleagues from DukeUniversity,Durham, North Carolina³, studied the confidentiality issues of 15 HIV-infected patients from ruralNorth Carolinalocations. They were divided into groups designed to explore their attitudes toward, and experiences with, breaches in confidentiality.

    “The fear of a breach in confidentiality is definitely affecting the care that HIV-infected patients receive,”  Whetten-Goldstein said. “Most studied patients had experienced or knew someone who had experienced a breach in confidentiality.”

    “Two types of breaches occurred, ”Whetten-Goldstein noted. “The first was a more obvious type of breach. One example was a nurse who told her child that her patient was HIV-positive out of concern that her child would play with the patient’s child.⁴”

     “The other type of breach was more subtle, one that providers might not consider breaches, ⁵” Whetten-Goldstein explained. “This type of breach involves providers talking about a patient’s HIV status without the patient’s knowledge of the interaction.”

    “The law allows the sharing of information between providers within the same institution, but patient’s consent must be obtained before providers at different institutions can share information,” she pointed out.

    “Patients in the study wanted providers to tell them when they are going to share information with other providers and why it is being done,” Whetten-Goldstein said. “They also felt that providers should be punished when a breach occurs.”

    “However, because patients are often reluctant to seek legal action which may further expose their status, they felt that the system should regulate itself,” she added.

词汇：

privacy /ˈpraɪvəsi,ˈprɪvəsi/ n.隐私,秘密
breach /bri:tʃ/n.破坏,违反
therapy /"θerəpɪ/ n.疗法,治疗
consent /kən"sent/ n.答应,允许
confidentiality /ˌkɒnfɪˌdenʃiˈæləti/ n.保密性
regulate /"reɡjʊleɪt/ vt.调整

注释：

1.HIV (human immunodeficiency virus):人类免疫缺陷病毒
2.be concerned about:为……而担心（忧虑、烦恼）
3. North Carolina：(美国）北卡罗来纳州
4.One example was... with the patient’s child.例子之一就是某个护士由于担心自己的孩子会与病人的孩子一起玩,所以就告诉自己的孩子,这个病人是HIV阳性的病人。本句中who 至the patient’s child 是nurse 的定语从句,其中that her patient was HIV-positive又是told的宾语从句；out of concern (出于担心）是介词短语,作told的状语；而that her child would play with the patient’s child 则是concern的同位语从句。
5.one that providers might not consider breaches：即医生可能不认为是泄露个人机密的一类。one是代词,代替type,作the other type的同位语，that至breaches是one的定语从句，that在定语从句中作consider的宾语，breaches是宾语补足语。而provider则是指美国经保险公司认可为投保人看病的医生。

All patients in the study refuse to receive any treatment because of the possibility to expose their HIV status

A:Right B:Wrong C:Not mentioned

地位（status）

X2AP的Resource Status Reporting Initiation过程通过那条消息发起（）

A:RESOURCE STATUS UPDATE B:RESOURCE STATUS REQUEST C:RESOURCE STATUS RESPONSE D:ENB CONFIGURATION UPDATE

OSN9500设备，关于BD_STATUS告警参数的说法中，正确的是（）。

A:BD_STATUS告警参数，1为在位、2为通信、3为在位和通信故障 B:BD_STATUS告警参数，0为通信、1为在位、2为在位和通信故障 C:BD_STATUS告警参数，0为在位、1为通信、2为在位和通信故障 D:BD_STATUS告警参数，1为通信、2为在位、3为在位和通信故障

关于STATUS页面，以下错误的是：（）

A:只要状态页面有信息，在E/WD上的“STS”（状态提示）就会闪亮 B:如果除了“CANCELLED CAUTION”（取消的注意）或MAINTENANCE（维护）部分之外，没有其他的信息，在E/WD上就不会显示“STS”（状态提示） C:STATUS页面会在机组清楚了当前失效的所有相关页面后自动出现，在下降过程中放出缝翼时也会自动出现。

The period of adolescence, i.e., the period between childhood and adulthood, may be long or short, depending on social expectations and on society’s definition as to what constitutes maturity and adulthood. In primitive societies adolescence is frequently a relatively short period of time, while in industrial societies with patterns of prolonged education coupled with laws against child labor, the period of adolescence is much longer and may include most of the second decade of one’s life. Furthermore, the length of the adolescent period and the definition of adulthood status may change in a given society as social and economic conditions change. Examples of this type of change are the disappearance of the frontier in the latter part of the nineteenth century in the United States, and more universally, the industrialization of an agricultural society.
In modern society, ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance and there no longer is agreement as to what constitutes initiation ceremonies. Social ones have been replaced by a sequence of steps that lead to increased recognition and social status. For example, grade school graduation, high school graduation and college graduation constitute such a sequence, and while each step implies certain behavioral changes and social recognition, the significance of each depends on the socio-economic status and the educational ambition of the individual. Ceremonies for adolescence have also been replaced by legal definitions of status roles, rights, privileges and responsibilities. It is during the nine years from the twelfth birthday to the twenty-first that the protective and restrictive aspects of childhood and minor status are removed and adult privileges and responsibilities axe granted. The twelve-year-old is no longer considered a child and has to pay full fare for train, airplane, theater and movie tickets. Basically, the individual at this age loses childhood privileges without gaining significant adult rights. At the age of sixteen the adolescent is granted certain adult rights which increases his social status by providing him with more freedom and choices. He now can obtain a driver’s license: he can leave public schools; and he can work without the restrictions of child labor laws. At the age of eighteen the law provides adult responsibilities as well as rights: the young man can now be a soldier, but he also can marry without parental permission. At the age of twenty-one the individual obtains his full legal rights as an adult. He now can vote, he can buy liquor, he can enter into financial contracts, and he is entitled to run for public office. No additional basic rights are acquired as a function of age after majority status has been attained. None of these legal provisions determine at what point adulthood has been reached but they do point to the prolonged period of adolescence.
Former social ceremonies that used to mark adolescence have given place to ______.

A:graduations from schools and colleges B:social recognition C:socio-economic status D:certain behavioral changes

Text 2

A:graduations from schools and colleges B:social recognition C:socio-economic status D:certain behavioral changes

A single status may have multiple roles attached to it, constituting a role set. Consider the status of a patient in a hospital. The status (1) the sick role; another role as the (2) of other patients; still another role as the "appreciative" receiver of the (3) and attention of friends and family members; one role as a consumer of newspapers, magazines, and other small items (4) from a hospital attendant; and a role as (5) of a number of friendly hospital personnel. Or consider your (6) as a family member. Your status includes a variety of roles, (7) , parent and child, uncle, spouse, and cousin. Clearly, a role does not (8) in a social vacuum; it is a bundle of activities that are connected with the activities of other people. For this (9) there can be no professors without students, no husbands without wives, no whites without nonwhites, and no lawyers without (10) .
Roles affect us as sets of norms that (11) our duties—the actions others can legitimately insist that we perform, and our right—the actions we can (12) insist that others perform. Every role has at least one (13) role attached to it; the rights of one role are the (14) of the other role. As we have noted, we have a social niche for the sick. Sick people have rights—our society says they do not have to (15) in usual ways until they get well. (16) sick people also have the duty to get well and "not enjoy themselves too much". The sick role also entails an (17) to another party—the physician. The physician must (18) the patient as trying to get well—this is the physician’s right and the patient’s duty. And the patient must see the doctor as sincere—the (19) right and the physician’s duty. It should come as no surprise (20) the quality of medical care falters when patient and physician role expectations break down.

A:status B:role C:rank D:position