The Safeness of IUDs¹ for HIV-positive² Women

    1. Women infected with the most common form of HIV may safely use the intrauterine device (IUD)for contraception, provided they see a doctor regularly, new study findings suggest.

    2. World Health Organization guidelines currently state that, in general, HIV-infected women should avoid IUDs. “Those guidelines were essentially made on theoretical concerns, and there are really very little data on what contraceptive is appropriate for HIV-infected women,³” said the lead author Dr. Charles S. Morrison in North Carolina⁴.

    3. Morrison and colleagues gathered information on IUD-related complications at 1, 4 and 24 months after placement of the device in 636 women living in Nairobi, Kenya⁵. Of these women, 156 had HIV infection. Participating physicians did not know the patients’ HIV status. There was “little difference in any side effects in HIV-infected women compared with HIV-uninfected women, suggesting that the IUD is likely an appropriate method for HIV-infected women,” Morrison said. “This is an important issue, because there are now 16 million women living with HIV and a lot of them have a critical need for contraception,” he added.

    4. The researchers did find⁶ that women with infections such as gonorrhea or chlamydia at the study’s outset were at increased risk of IUD complications, confirming current guidelines suggesting that women with sexually transmitted diseases not use IUDs.⁷

    5. In addition, there was no difference in the amount of virus the HIV-positive women were releasing from their cervix, or shedding⁸, at the beginning of the study compared with 4 months after the IUD was inserted, the researchers reported in the August issue of the British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. Conversely, some studies have shown a relationship between increased cervical HIV shedding and the use of oral contraceptives.

    6. “What this study suggests is that you need to avoid IUD use in women with a cervical infection but not women with HIV infection,”Morrison said. “Women with cervical infections are at increased risk of complications: women with HIV infection are not.”

 

词汇：

intrauterine/ˌintrəˈju:tərin/ adj.子宫内的

outset/ˈautset/ n.开头，最初

contraception/ˌkɔntrəˈsepʃən/ n.节育，避孕

cervix/ˈsɜ:vɪks/ n.颈，宫颈(pl. cervices 或 cervixes)

contraceptive/ˌkɔntrəˈseptɪv/ adj.避孕的;  n.避孕工具，避孕药物

shedding/ˈʃediŋ/ n.脱落物

complication/ˌkɔmpliˈkeiʃən/n. 并发症

obstetrics/ɔbˈstetrɪks，əb-/n. 产科学

gonorrhea/ˌɡɔnəˈri:ə/n. 淋病

gyn(a)ecology/ˌgaɪnəˈkɒlədʒi/ n. 妇科学

chlamydia/kləˈmidiə/ n. 衣原体(pl. chlamydiae)

cervical/ˈsə:vikəl/ adj. 颈的（如宫颈的）

 

注释:

1.IUD = IUCD (为intrauterine contraceptive device的首字母缩写)：宫内节育器

2.HIV-positive：人类免疫缺陷病毒检查阳性HIV为human immunodeficiency virus 的首字母缩写。

3. ... and there are really very little data... for HIV-infected women...: 有关什么样的避孕物品适合于感染了人类免疫缺陷病毒妇女，资料真的很少……本句中what引导的从句是on的宾语从句。

4.North Carolina：北卡罗来纳州

5.Nairobi, Kenya：肯尼亚的内罗毕

6.  ...did find...：的确发现了……did在这里用做强调的助动词。例如：Do be careful! 一定要细心！He did accomplish the task in time.他的确按时完成了任务。

7. ... confirming current guidelines... not use IUDs. ……这就进一步证实了现行指南的意见，即患有性传播疾病的妇女不应该使用宫内节育器。本句中confirming是分词，作结果状语。suggesting也是分词，作current guidelines的定语。suggesting后面that引导的是宾语从句，其谓语使用了虚拟语气，等于should not use。

8.the amount of virus the HIV-positive women were releasing from their cervix, or shedding：人类免疫缺陷病毒呈阳性反应的妇女从子宫颈排出的病毒(即脱落物）数量。此处从the HIV-positive women 至compared with 4 months 是the amount of virus 的定语从句，省略了关系代词that。A what contraceptive is good for HIV-infected women

B if they go to see the doctor at regular intervals

C  what a relationship between increased cervical HIV shedding and the use of oral contraceptives

D that sexually transmitted diseases may increase the risk of IUD complications

E if they are HIV carriers

F that taking oral contraceptives is much safer than using IUDs for HIV-infected women

The new study maintains that the IUD is a safe contraceptive method for HIV-infected women ______.

A:A B:B C:C D:D E:E F:F

H5N1 avian influence, known commonly as bird flu, has killed at least 15 people across Asia and was confirmed in China on January 27. No human cases have been found in the mainland, but 13 of the country’s 31 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities (直辖市) have reported the disease in poultry.
The Chinese government has taken measures to prevent and control the disease. Poultry within 3 km of infected farms is to be killed and those within 5 km to receive vaccines (疫苗). (84)Meanwhile , there will be constant monitoring and daily reports on the disease across the country, and increased production of bird flu vaccines.
Among the Asian countries and regions affected by bird flue in animals, only Vietnam and Thailand have reported human cases. The people infected were reported to have caught the disease from poultry, while the World Health Organization (WHO) said there is "no proof of human-to-human transmission(传播)" of bird flue.
(85)The big fear is that the disease could combine with a human influenza virus to create a deadly new disease that will kill millions of people across the globe.
Many Asian farmers live closely with their animals and sell live chickens in the market. This greatly increases the possibility of human beings infected with bird flu.
A spokesman of the WHO said that Asian countries affected by bird flu should introduce a more healthy way of raising and selling chickens. And the people there have to complexly change their lifestyle and attitude towards animals. Here are some safety measures for people to stay healthy;
Keep fit and well through regular exercise;
Avoid infected poultry and infected people;
Avoid eating raw or under-done poultry and eggs;
Make sure there is always fresh air in your home;
Cover your mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing;
Wash your hands frequently;
From the passage, we can learn that ______ .

A:infected poultry within 3 km was killed in Chin B:Bird flu case was confirmed in China on Jan,27. C:Human cases were found 13Asian countries D:Over two thirds of China has been infected with bird flu

The Development of Both HIV And Its Cure As the number of people infected (传染) with the AIDS—causing HIV rose to more than 14 million worldwide and as new research showed that in the U.S. one of every 92 young men may be infected, a cure for the disease still remained an elusive(令人困惑的) dream. To help slow the spread of HIV to infants, the CDC in July called for all pregnant(怀孕的) women to be tested for the virus(毒素). The recommendation (推荐) stemmed (发展) from a. study that found that the risk that an HIV-infected woman will pass the virus on to her unborn child is cut by two-thirds if the mother receives the drug azidothymidine ( AZT) during pregnancy. The year was also marked by the first official recognition (认可)that treating HIV-infected people with a combination(结合) of antiviral(抗毒素的) drugs is superior to treating them with only AZT, a drug that had been the gold standard of treatment since the late 1980s. At an international conference in Copenhagen, a pane(专门小组)of scientists recommended that patients with the AIDS virus receive combination therapy, although there was still no consensus (一致)on when in the course of the disease the drugs should be started. In December the FDA approved the first of a long-awaited new class of AIDS drugs, called protease inhibitors , Physicians emphasized, however, that the new drug, saquinavir, is not a cure and must be taken in combination with other AIDS drugs. A glimmer(微光)of hope for a cure came when a team from the University of Washington reported in November that a new drug, PMPA, prevented monkeys from becoming infected by the monkey version of HIV even when the virus was injected(注射) directly into the animals. The year also provided the research community (界) , with a few more clues (线索) on how to attack HIV. In June researchers found that 70% of West African women infected with a slow-acting, less easily transmitted(传播)type of the virus were protected against infection by the faster-acting type, which was most common in the West. Earlier in the year hopes for lifesaving(救命的) AIDS treatments or vaccines (痘苗) were also bolstered (支持) by an intriguing(激起好奇心的)—and hotly debated—report that at least two children who had been born infected with the AIDS virus later became free of it. Despite the mammoth(巨大的) swath(长而宽的地带) of destruction(破坏) that AIDS has cut around the world since it first surfaced(升到水面) just 15 years ago, it took a much rarer(稀有的)—and much swifter(反应快的)—killer, the Ebola virus, to jolt (唤起) the public out of its complacency(自满) toward the threat of emerging infectious (感染性的) diseases. The CDC called on all pregnant women to be tested for HIV______.

A:because children will avoid being infected if the mother receives AZT during pregnancy B:for two-thirds of the children have been infected with HIV C:in order to prevent the spread of HIV to infants D:for the purpose of decreasing the risk of an HIV-infected mother passing HIV to her infants

The vaccine -a combination of two earlier experimental vaccines -was given to 16,000 people in Thailand. Researchers found that it reduced by nearly a third the risk of contracting HIV, the virus that lcads to Aids.
It has been hailed as a significant, scientific: breakthrough, but a global vaccine is still some way off. The study was carried out by the US army and the Thai government over seven years on volunteers - all HIV - negative men and women aged between 18 and 30 - in parts of Thailand.
Half of the volunteers were given the vaccine, while the other half were given a placebo - and all were given counselling on HIV/Aids prevention. Participants were tested for HIV infection every six months for three years. The results found that the chances of catching HIV were 31.2% less for those who had taken the vaccine - with 74 people who did not get the vaccine infected and 51 of the vaccinated group infected.
The vaccine is based on B and E strains of HIV that most commonly circulate in Thailand not the C strain which predominates in Africa. "This result is tantalisingly encouraging. The numbers are small and the difference may have been due to chance, but this finding is the first positive news in the Aids vaccine field for a decade," said Dr Richard Horton, editor of the Lancet medical joumal.
"We should be cautious, but hopeful. The discovery needs urgent replication and investigation. "
Dr Anthony Fauci, director of the US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases said: "For the first time, an investigational HIV vaccine has demonstrated some ability to prevent HIV infection amorig vaccinated individuals. "
"Additional research is needed to better understand how this vaccine regimen reduced the risk of HIV infection, but this is certainly an encouraging advance for the HIV vaccine field. "
The findings were hailed by the World Health Organization (WHO)and the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/Aids (UN/Aids). They said while the results were" characterised as modestly protective... [they] have instilled new hope in the HIV vaccine research field".
What happened to the participants given a placebo

A:51 of them were infected. B:74 of them were infected C:All of them were infected D:74 people die

? ?阅读下面的短文，文中有15处空白，每处空白给出了，4个选项，请根据短文的内容从4个选项中选择1个最佳答案。

A:suffered B:infected C:pleased D:impressed

The Development of Both HIV And Its Cure As the number of people infected (传染) with the AIDS—causing HIV rose to more than 14 million worldwide and as new research showed that in the U.S. one of every 92 young men may be infected, a cure for the disease still remained an elusive(令人困惑的) dream. To help slow the spread of HIV to infants, the CDC in July called for all pregnant(怀孕的) women to be tested for the virus(毒素). The recommendation (推荐) stemmed (发展) from a. study that found that the risk that an HIV-infected woman will pass the virus on to her unborn child is cut by two-thirds if the mother receives the drug azidothymidine ( AZT) during pregnancy. The year was also marked by the first official recognition (认可)that treating HIV-infected people with a combination(结合) of antiviral(抗毒素的) drugs is superior to treating them with only AZT, a drug that had been the gold standard of treatment since the late 1980s. At an international conference in Copenhagen, a pane(专门小组)of scientists recommended that patients with the AIDS virus receive combination therapy, although there was still no consensus (一致)on when in the course of the disease the drugs should be started. In December the FDA approved the first of a long-awaited new class of AIDS drugs, called protease inhibitors , Physicians emphasized, however, that the new drug, saquinavir, is not a cure and must be taken in combination with other AIDS drugs. A glimmer(微光)of hope for a cure came when a team from the University of Washington reported in November that a new drug, PMPA, prevented monkeys from becoming infected by the monkey version of HIV even when the virus was injected(注射) directly into the animals. The year also provided the research community (界) , with a few more clues (线索) on how to attack HIV. In June researchers found that 70% of West African women infected with a slow-acting, less easily transmitted(传播)type of the virus were protected against infection by the faster-acting type, which was most common in the West. Earlier in the year hopes for lifesaving(救命的) AIDS treatments or vaccines (痘苗) were also bolstered (支持) by an intriguing(激起好奇心的)—and hotly debated—report that at least two children who had been born infected with the AIDS virus later became free of it. Despite the mammoth(巨大的) swath(长而宽的地带) of destruction(破坏) that AIDS has cut around the world since it first surfaced(升到水面) just 15 years ago, it took a much rarer(稀有的)—and much swifter(反应快的)—killer, the Ebola virus, to jolt (唤起) the public out of its complacency(自满) toward the threat of emerging infectious (感染性的) diseases. The CDC called on all pregnant women to be tested for HIV______.

A:because children will avoid being infected if the mother receives AZT during pregnancy B:for two-thirds of the children have been infected with HIV C:in order to prevent the spread of HIV to infants D:for the purpose of decreasing the risk of an HIV-infected mother passing HIV to her infants

The Development of Both HIV And Its Cure As the number of people infected (传染) with the AIDS—causing HIV rose to more than 14 million worldwide and as new research showed that in the U.S. one of every 92 young men may be infected, a cure for the disease still remained an elusive(令人困惑的) dream. To help slow the spread of HIV to infants, the CDC in July called for all pregnant(怀孕的) women to be tested for the virus(毒素). The recommendation (推荐) stemmed (发展) from a. study that found that the risk that an HIV-infected woman will pass the virus on to her unborn child is cut by two-thirds if the mother receives the drug azidothymidine ( AZT) during pregnancy. The year was also marked by the first official recognition (认可)that treating HIV-infected people with a combination(结合) of antiviral(抗毒素的) drugs is superior to treating them with only AZT, a drug that had been the gold standard of treatment since the late 1980s. At an international conference in Copenhagen, a pane(专门小组)of scientists recommended that patients with the AIDS virus receive combination therapy, although there was still no consensus (一致)on when in the course of the disease the drugs should be started. In December the FDA approved the first of a long-awaited new class of AIDS drugs, called protease inhibitors , Physicians emphasized, however, that the new drug, saquinavir, is not a cure and must be taken in combination with other AIDS drugs. A glimmer(微光)of hope for a cure came when a team from the University of Washington reported in November that a new drug, PMPA, prevented monkeys from becoming infected by the monkey version of HIV even when the virus was injected(注射) directly into the animals. The year also provided the research community (界) , with a few more clues (线索) on how to attack HIV. In June researchers found that 70% of West African women infected with a slow-acting, less easily transmitted(传播)type of the virus were protected against infection by the faster-acting type, which was most common in the West. Earlier in the year hopes for lifesaving(救命的) AIDS treatments or vaccines (痘苗) were also bolstered (支持) by an intriguing(激起好奇心的)—and hotly debated—report that at least two children who had been born infected with the AIDS virus later became free of it. Despite the mammoth(巨大的) swath(长而宽的地带) of destruction(破坏) that AIDS has cut around the world since it first surfaced(升到水面) just 15 years ago, it took a much rarer(稀有的)—and much swifter(反应快的)—killer, the Ebola virus, to jolt (唤起) the public out of its complacency(自满) toward the threat of emerging infectious (感染性的) diseases. The CDC called on all pregnant women to be tested for HIV______.

A:because children will avoid being infected if the mother receives AZT during pregnancy B:for two-thirds of the children have been infected with HIV C:in order to prevent the spread of HIV to infants D:for the purpose of decreasing the risk of an HIV-infected mother passing HIV to her infants