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Easy Learning
Sudents should be jealous. Not only do babies get to doze their days away, but they’ve also mastered the fine art of learning in their sleep.
By the time babies are a year old they can recognize a lot of sounds and even simple words. Marie Cheour at the UniversityofTurkuinFinlandsuspected that they might progress this fast because they learn language while they sleep as well as when they are awake.
To test the theory, Cheour and her colleagues studied 45 newborn babies in the first few days of their lives. They exposed all the infants to an hour of Finnish vowel sounds—one that sounds like “oo”, another like “ee” and a third boundary vowel peculiar to Finnish and similar languages that sounds like something in between. EEG 1recordings of the infant’s brains before and after the session showed that the newborns could not distinguish the sounds.
Fifteen of the babies then went back with their mothers, while the rest were split into two sleep-study groups 2. One group was exposed throughout their night-time sleeping hours to the same three vowels, while the others listened to other, easier-to-distinguish vowel sounds3.
When tested in the morning, and again in the evening, the babies who’d heard the tricky boundary vowel all night showed brainwave activity indicating that they could now recognise this new sound. They could identify the sound even when its pitch was changed, while none of the other babies could pick up the boundary vowel at all.
Cheour doesn’t know how babies accomplish this night-time learning, bunt she suspects that the special ability might indicate that unlike adults, babies don’t “turn off” their cerebral cortex while they sleep. The skill probably fades in the course of the first year of life, she adds—so forget the idea that you can pick up tricky French vowels as an adult just by slipping a language tape under your pillow. But while it may not help grown-ups, Cheour is hoping to use the sleeping hours to give remedial help to babies who are genetically at risk of language disorders.
词汇：
vowel /"vauəl/ n．元音
Finland /"finlənd/ n．芬兰
Finnish /"finiʃ/ adj．芬兰的；芬兰人的；芬兰语的
Newborn /"nju:bɔ:n/ n新生儿；adj新生儿的
cerebral /" seribrul/ adj．大脑的
remedial /ri"midiəl/adj．补救的
cortex /"kɔ: teksf n．皮层
注释：
1. EEG = electroencephalogram /"i,lektrəuen"sefələgræm/：脑电图
2. two sleep-study groups：两个睡觉时的学习小组
3. easier-to-distinguish vowel sounds较容易区分的元音
An infant can recognize a lot of vowels by the time he or she is a year old.
A:Right B:Wrong C:Not mentioned
E Women are friendly. But men are more competitive, Why Researchers have found it’s all down to the hormone oxytocin(荷尔蒙催生素). Although known as the love hormone, it affects the sexes differently. “Women tend to be social in their behavior. They often share with others, But men tend to be competitive, They are trying to improve their social status,” said Professor Ryan. Generally, people believe that the hormone exytocin is let out in our body in various social situations and our body creates a large amount of it during positive social interaction（互动）such as falling in love or giving birth. But in a previous experiment Professor Ryan found that the hormone is also let out in our body during negative social interactions such as envy. Further researches showed that in men the hormone oxytocin improves the ability to recognize competitive relationships, but in women it raises the ability to recognize friendship. Professor Ryan’s recent experiment used 62 men and women aged 20 to 37. Half of the participants（参与者）received oxytocin. The other half received placebo（安慰剂）. After a week, the two groups switched with participants. They went through the same procedure with the other material. Following each treatment, they were shown some video pictures with different social interactions. Then they were asked to analyze the relationships by answering some questions. The questions were about telling friendship from competition. And their answers should be based on gestures, body language and facial expressions. The results indicated that, after treatment with oxytocin, men’s ability to correctly recognize competitive relationships improved, but in women it was the ability to correctly recognize friendship that got better. Professor Ryan thus concluded: “ Our experiment proves that the hormone oxytocin can raise people’s abilities to better distinguish different social interactions. And the behavior differences between men and women are caused by biological factor（因素）that are mainly hormonal.” Why did Professor Ryan conduct the recent experiment
A:To test the effect of oxytocin on the ability to recognize social interactions. B:To know the differences between friendship and competition. C:To know people’s different abilities to answer questions. D:To test people’s understanding of body language.
News reports often focus on disputes among scientists over the validity of preliminary (untested) data, hypotheses, and models (which by definition are tentative). This aspect of science- 1 because it has not been widely 2 and accepted-is called frontier science. The media 3 to focus on frontier science because its so-called "breakthroughs" make good news stories. Just because something is in the 4 of frontier science, 5 , does not mean that it isn’’t worthy of serious consideration; 6 , such matters need further study to determine their 7 . 8 contrast, consensus science consists of data, models, theories, and laws that are widely accepted. This aspect of science is very reliable but is 9 considered newsworthy. The trouble is that the word science is used to 10 both frontier and consensus science, without 11 The media preference 12 frontier science gives the public the 13 impression that frontier science 14 very certain conclusions, which may or may not be correct. However, 15 some frontier science is later shown to be unreliable, members of the public often falsely 16 that consensus science is also quite uncertain. We need to take both frontier and consensus science 17 but recognize their differences. One way to find out what scientists generally agree 18 is to seek out reports by scientific bodies that attempt to 19 consensus in 20 areas of science and technology.
Section Ⅰ Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points).18（）A:summarize B:systematize C:recognize D:revitalize
Most doctors recognize that medicine is（ ）
A:an art as much it is a science B:much an art as it is a science C:as art an as much it is a science D:as much an art as it is a science
The exact number of English words in not known. The large dictionaries have over half a million entries, but many of these are compound words (schoolroom, sugarbowl) or different derivatives of the same word, and a good many are obsolete words to help us read older literature. Dictionaries do not attempt to cover completely words that we can draw on; the informal vocabulary, especially slang, localism, the terms of various occupations and professions, words used only occasionally by scientists and specialists in many fields, foreign words borrowed for use in English, or many new words or new senses of words that come into use every year and that may or may not be used long enough to warrant being included. It would be conservative to say that there are over a millon English words that any of us might meet in our listening and reading and that we may draw on in our speaking and listening.
Professor Seashore concluded that first-graders enter school with at least 24 000 words and add 5 000 each year so that they leave high school with at least 80 000. These figures are for recognition vocabulary, the words we understand when we read or hear them. Our active vocabulary, the words we use in speaking and writing, is considerably smaller.
You cannot always produce a word exactly when you want it. But consciously using the word you recognize in reading will help get them into your active vocabulary. Occasionally in your reading pay particular attention to these words, especially when the subject is one that you might well write or talk about. Underline or make a list of words that you feel a need for and look up the less familiar ones in a dictionary. And then before very long find a way to use some of them. Once you know how they are pronounced and what they stand for, you can safely use them.
A:making a list of words you need and looking up the new ones in a dictionary B:spending half an hour studying the dictionary C:consciously using the words you recognize in reading D:trying to use the words you recognize
Passage One
Skills are the activities that a person does well. What things are you good at doing Everyone has many skills. Sometimes it is difficult to recognize the skills that you have.
Job skills are abilities you need for a specific job. For example, a chef needs to know how to cook and bake. A taxi driver needs to know how to drive a car and read signs. A secretary needs to know how to type and take messages.
Transferable skills are skills you can use in many different jobs. You can take skills from one job and use them in a very different job. Speaking English well, for instance, is a skill you can use in almost any job. Some examples of transferable skills are teaching other people, solving problems, accepting responsibility, organizing projects, making decisions, and creating new ideas. Employers want to select employees who have or who can learn the skills necessary to do the job.
A:to play B:abilities C:to recognize D:recognizes
Passage One
Skills are the activities that a person does well. What things are you good at doing Everyone has many skills. Sometimes it is difficult to recognize the skills that you have.
Job skills are abilities you need for a specific job. For example, a chef needs to know how to cook and bake. A taxi driver needs to know how to drive a car and read signs. A secretary needs to know how to type and take messages.
Transferable skills are skills you can use in many different jobs. You can take skills from one job and use them in a very different job. Speaking English well, for instance, is a skill you can use in almost any job. Some examples of transferable skills are teaching other people, solving problems, accepting responsibility, organizing projects, making decisions, and creating new ideas. Employers want to select employees who have or who can learn the skills necessary to do the job.
A:to play B:abilities C:to recognize D:recognizes
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