For the past year, Cornelia Czarnecki said, the barking of her neighbor’s German shepherd has awakened her repeatedly at 4 am. The dog often barks for hours at a time, said Mrs. Czarnecki, a Clifton resident.
"That dog is out there barking day and night, and we don’t know .what to do anymore," she said.
Mrs. Czarnecki became so upset about the dog that she filed a municipal complaint against him under the town’s general noise ordinance. The case is set to be heard in municipal court on August 6. Complaints like the ones Mrs. Czarnecki lodged with the police and city officials led the Clifton City Council to draft an ordinance that could result in fines for residents whose dogs are "barking, howling, crying" or making any other loud noises for more than 30 minutes in an hour.
"I can’t wait," Mrs. Czarnecki said. The council took up the ordinance for a first reading on Tuesday; a final vote is scheduled on August 8.
"It’s a quality of life issue," said Councilman Frank C Fusco, who introduced the measure. Clifton is far from alone in seeking to silence noisy dogs. At least 144 of New Jersey’s municipalities have laws that address whining and barking, according to a municipal ordinance database online at www.generalcode.com.
In New York, at least 30 towns in Nassau and Suffolk Counties have similar laws, as do about 25 towns in Westchester County. Connecticut has a statewide law barring dogs that are a "nuisance" because of "excessive barking or other disturbance."
Many of the ordinances in the region are general prohibitions against excessive whining or barking. In Westchester, the City of New Rochelle ran into trouble with its law in 1997 after a resident challenged a citation. A city judge ruled that the ordinance was unconstitutionally vague because it did not include details about time of day and duration of barking, and the city changed the law in 1998.
"Many of these ordinances go back to the 1800s," said the New Rochelle corporation counsel, Bernis Shapiro." They’re just carried forward and they don’t get changed until an issue comes up."
In May 2006, Hillsborough Township in Somerset County passed an ordinance to specifically address barking, but no complaints have been filed since then, said Lt. Bill Geary of the Hillsborough Police Department. Other New Jersey towns, including Bloomsbury in Hunterdon County and Manville in Somerset, considered such ordinances but withdrew them after residents complained that they would be unenforceable.
As for those who contend that a barking dog should be a low priority, Councilman Fusco said, "If the dog was next to your house, you’d sing a different song."
Mr. Fusco said he was confident that the ordinance proposed in Clifton would be supported by his fellow council members. At the same time, he knows that some residents may object.
But David Axelrod, a groomer at Furrs N Purrs on Valley Road, said he did not think the measure was tough enough.
"Thirty minutes is extremely generous," he said. "There is no reason why a dog should be barking that long."
The ordinance says barking must be sustained to be illegal, and it bans excessive barking only from 10 pm to 7 am.
Under the ordinance, a resident complains to the City Health Department, which sends a warning note. If the barking continues, the resident takes the complaint to municipal court, where fines can start at $250. Before a court date, the city would most likely try to resolve the matter through mediation, said the city attorney, Matthew T. Priore.
Last year about a dozen warning letters were sent to residents about their barking dogs, Clifton officials said.
Currently, residents can complain about barking under the city’s general noise ordinance, but they have to essentially prosecute the case in municipal court themselves, Mr. Fusco said. Under the proposed ordinance, residents would appear as a witness in a case presented by the municipal prosecutor.
"The new ordinance has some bite to it," Mr. Fusco said. Eric M. Zwerling, director of the Rutgers University Noise Technical Assistance Center, trains police officers on noise complaints and writes municipal noise codes.
"One of the things I say to the officers I train is that if people were fundamentally civil to each other, we’d all be out of work," he said.
Mr. Zwerling, the owner of a chocolate Labrador named Bosco, said he had his own appreciation of the barking problem.
"A dog is barking for one of two reasons -- either it needs attention or it is trying to alert you to something," he said. "In either case, you should be attending to it./
Which of the following statements about the proposed ordinance is true

A:Clifton City Council finally passed it on Tuesday, August 8. B:Under the ordinance, whenever a dog barks over 30 minutes in an hour, its master will get fined. C:All the residents in Clifton hope that the ordinance can be reinforced as soon as possible because it is a quality of life issue. D:People who complain about the disturbance by noisy dogs do not need to prosecute the case in municipal court themselves according to the proposed ordinanc

For the past year, Cornelia Czarnecki said, the barking of her neighbor’s German shepherd has awakened her repeatedly at 4 am. The dog often barks for hours at a time, said Mrs. Czarnecki, a Clifton resident.
"That dog is out there barking day and night, and we don’t know .what to do anymore," she said.
Mrs. Czarnecki became so upset about the dog that she filed a municipal complaint against him under the town’s general noise ordinance. The case is set to be heard in municipal court on August 6. Complaints like the ones Mrs. Czarnecki lodged with the police and city officials led the Clifton City Council to draft an ordinance that could result in fines for residents whose dogs are "barking, howling, crying" or making any other loud noises for more than 30 minutes in an hour.
"I can’t wait," Mrs. Czarnecki said. The council took up the ordinance for a first reading on Tuesday; a final vote is scheduled on August 8.
"It’s a quality of life issue," said Councilman Frank C Fusco, who introduced the measure. Clifton is far from alone in seeking to silence noisy dogs. At least 144 of New Jersey’s municipalities have laws that address whining and barking, according to a municipal ordinance database online at www.generalcode.com.
In New York, at least 30 towns in Nassau and Suffolk Counties have similar laws, as do about 25 towns in Westchester County. Connecticut has a statewide law barring dogs that are a "nuisance" because of "excessive barking or other disturbance."
Many of the ordinances in the region are general prohibitions against excessive whining or barking. In Westchester, the City of New Rochelle ran into trouble with its law in 1997 after a resident challenged a citation. A city judge ruled that the ordinance was unconstitutionally vague because it did not include details about time of day and duration of barking, and the city changed the law in 1998.
"Many of these ordinances go back to the 1800s," said the New Rochelle corporation counsel, Bernis Shapiro." They’re just carried forward and they don’t get changed until an issue comes up."
In May 2006, Hillsborough Township in Somerset County passed an ordinance to specifically address barking, but no complaints have been filed since then, said Lt. Bill Geary of the Hillsborough Police Department. Other New Jersey towns, including Bloomsbury in Hunterdon County and Manville in Somerset, considered such ordinances but withdrew them after residents complained that they would be unenforceable.
As for those who contend that a barking dog should be a low priority, Councilman Fusco said, "If the dog was next to your house, you’d sing a different song."
Mr. Fusco said he was confident that the ordinance proposed in Clifton would be supported by his fellow council members. At the same time, he knows that some residents may object.
But David Axelrod, a groomer at Furrs N Purrs on Valley Road, said he did not think the measure was tough enough.
"Thirty minutes is extremely generous," he said. "There is no reason why a dog should be barking that long."
The ordinance says barking must be sustained to be illegal, and it bans excessive barking only from 10 pm to 7 am.
Under the ordinance, a resident complains to the City Health Department, which sends a warning note. If the barking continues, the resident takes the complaint to municipal court, where fines can start at $250. Before a court date, the city would most likely try to resolve the matter through mediation, said the city attorney, Matthew T. Priore.
Last year about a dozen warning letters were sent to residents about their barking dogs, Clifton officials said.
Currently, residents can complain about barking under the city’s general noise ordinance, but they have to essentially prosecute the case in municipal court themselves, Mr. Fusco said. Under the proposed ordinance, residents would appear as a witness in a case presented by the municipal prosecutor.
"The new ordinance has some bite to it," Mr. Fusco said. Eric M. Zwerling, director of the Rutgers University Noise Technical Assistance Center, trains police officers on noise complaints and writes municipal noise codes.
"One of the things I say to the officers I train is that if people were fundamentally civil to each other, we’d all be out of work," he said.
Mr. Zwerling, the owner of a chocolate Labrador named Bosco, said he had his own appreciation of the barking problem.
"A dog is barking for one of two reasons -- either it needs attention or it is trying to alert you to something," he said. "In either case, you should be attending to it./
Which of the following statements is Mr. Zwerling’s own appreciation of the barking problem

A:The ordinance is not tough enough since it allows a dog bark for 30 minutes. B:. The problem can only be solved if people are civil enough to each other. C:Financial punishment is the best way to ban dogs from barking. D:The city should try its best to resolve the matter through mediation.

Do you feel sad Happy Angry You may think that the way you show these emotions is unique. Well, think again. Even the expression of the most personal feelings can be classified, according to Mind Reading game, a DVD displaying every possible human emotion. It demonstrates 412 distinct ways in which we feel the first visual dictionary of the human heart.
Attempts to classify expressions began in the mid-1800s, when Darwin divided the emotions into six types-anger, fear, sadness, disgust, surprise and enjoyment. (46) . Every other feeling was thought to derive from Darwin’s small group. More complex expressions of emotions were probably learned and therefore more specific to each culture. But now it is believed that many more facial expressions are shared worldwide. (47) . The Mind Reading DVD is a systematic visual record of these expressions.
The project was conceived by a Cambridge professor as an aid for people with autism (孤独), who have difficulty both reading and expressing emotions. But it quickly became apparent that it had broader uses. Actors and teachers, for example, need to understand a wide range of expressions. The professor and his research team first had to define an "emotion" (48) . Using this definition, 1,512 emotion terms were identified and discussed. This list was eventually reduced to 412, from "afraid" to "wanting".
Once these emotions were defined and classified, a DVD seemed the clearest and most efficient way to display them. In Mind Reading, each expression is acted out by six different actors in three seconds. (49) . The explanation for this is simple: we may find it difficult to describe emotions using words, but we instantly recognize one when we see it on someone’s face. "It was really clear when the actors had got it right," says Cathy Collis, who directed the DVD "Although they were given some direction," says Ms Collis, "the actors were not told which facial muscles they should move." (50) . For example, when someone feel contempt, you can’t say for certain that their eyebrows always go down.
Someone who has tried to establish such rules is the American, Professor Paul Ekman, who has built a database of how the face moves for every emotion. The face can make 43 distinct muscle movements called "action units". These can be combined into more than 10,000 visible facial shapes. Ekman has written out a pattern of facial muscular movements to represent each emotion.

• A. He said that this expression of feeling is universal and recognizable by anyone from any culture.
• B. Any other method of showing the 412 emotions would have been far less effective.
• C. Research has also been done to find out which area of brain read the emotional expressions.
• D. These particular muscles are difficult to control, and few people can do it.
• E. They decided that it was a mental state that could be preceded by "I feel he looks" or "she sounds".
• F. We thought of trying to describe each emotion, but it would have been almost impossible to make clear rules of this.

Ninety years ago on a sunny morning in Northern France, something happened that changed Britain and Europe for ever. At half past seven on the morning of July 1, 1916, whistles blew and thousands of British soldiers left their positions to attack their German enemies. By the end of the day, 20,000 of them were dead, and another 30,000 wounded or missing. The Battle of the Somme, (51) it is called, lasted for six months. When it ended, 125,000 British soldiers were dead. They had gained five kilometers of ground.
This was one of a series of great battles during the WWI. The attack on the Somme was staged to relieve (52) on the French, who were engaged in a great battle of their own at a place called Verdun. By the time the battle ended, over a million French and German troops had been killed.
About 17 million people were killed in WWI. There have been wars with greater numbers of dead. But there has never been one (53) most of the dead were concentrated in such a small area. On the Somme battlefield, two men died for every meter of space.
Local farmers working in the land still (54) the bodies of those who died in that battle. The dead of all nations were buried in a series of giant graveyards along the line of the border (55) France and Belgium. Relatives and descendants of those who died still visit these graveyards today. What the French call the "tourism of death" (56) an important contribution to the local economy.
It took a second great conflict before Europe was to turn (57) war itself. Twenty-eight years after the Somme battle, a liberating army of British, American and Canadian troops took back (58) from another German invasion. More than 500,000 people were killed. New (59) were built.
Two great conflicts across two generations helped to change the European mind about war. Germany, once the most warlike country in Europe, is now probably more in (60) of peace than any other. One major cause of war in Europe was rivalry between France and Germany. The European Union was specifically formed to end that (61) .
According to US commentator William Pfaff, "Europeans are interested in a slow development of civilized and tolerant international relations, (62) on problems while avoiding catastrophes along the way. They have themselves only recently (63) from the catastrophes of the WWI and WWII, when tens of millions of people were destroyed. They don’t want (64) ."
The last British veteran of the Somme battle died in 2005, aged 108. And the WWI is passing out of memory and into history. But for anyone who wants to understand how Europeans (65) , it is still important to know a little about the terrible events of July 1, 1916.

A:since B:because C:as D:for

Ninety years ago on a sunny morning in Northern France, something happened that changed Britain and Europe for ever. At half past seven on the morning of July 1, 1916, whistles blew and thousands of British soldiers left their positions to attack their German enemies. By the end of the day, 20,000 of them were dead, and another 30,000 wounded or missing. The Battle of the Somme, (51) it is called, lasted for six months. When it ended, 125,000 British soldiers were dead. They had gained five kilometers of ground.
This was one of a series of great battles during the WWI. The attack on the Somme was staged to relieve (52) on the French, who were engaged in a great battle of their own at a place called Verdun. By the time the battle ended, over a million French and German troops had been killed.
About 17 million people were killed in WWI. There have been wars with greater numbers of dead. But there has never been one (53) most of the dead were concentrated in such a small area. On the Somme battlefield, two men died for every meter of space.
Local farmers working in the land still (54) the bodies of those who died in that battle. The dead of all nations were buried in a series of giant graveyards along the line of the border (55) France and Belgium. Relatives and descendants of those who died still visit these graveyards today. What the French call the "tourism of death" (56) an important contribution to the local economy.
It took a second great conflict before Europe was to turn (57) war itself. Twenty-eight years after the Somme battle, a liberating army of British, American and Canadian troops took back (58) from another German invasion. More than 500,000 people were killed. New (59) were built.
Two great conflicts across two generations helped to change the European mind about war. Germany, once the most warlike country in Europe, is now probably more in (60) of peace than any other. One major cause of war in Europe was rivalry between France and Germany. The European Union was specifically formed to end that (61) .
According to US commentator William Pfaff, "Europeans are interested in a slow development of civilized and tolerant international relations, (62) on problems while avoiding catastrophes along the way. They have themselves only recently (63) from the catastrophes of the WWI and WWII, when tens of millions of people were destroyed. They don’t want (64) ."
The last British veteran of the Somme battle died in 2005, aged 108. And the WWI is passing out of memory and into history. But for anyone who wants to understand how Europeans (65) , it is still important to know a little about the terrible events of July 1, 1916.

A:oppression B:anxiety C:pressure D:resistance

Ninety years ago on a sunny morning in Northern France, something happened that changed Britain and Europe for ever. At half past seven on the morning of July 1, 1916, whistles blew and thousands of British soldiers left their positions to attack their German enemies. By the end of the day, 20,000 of them were dead, and another 30,000 wounded or missing. The Battle of the Somme, (51) it is called, lasted for six months. When it ended, 125,000 British soldiers were dead. They had gained five kilometers of ground.
This was one of a series of great battles during the WWI. The attack on the Somme was staged to relieve (52) on the French, who were engaged in a great battle of their own at a place called Verdun. By the time the battle ended, over a million French and German troops had been killed.
About 17 million people were killed in WWI. There have been wars with greater numbers of dead. But there has never been one (53) most of the dead were concentrated in such a small area. On the Somme battlefield, two men died for every meter of space.
Local farmers working in the land still (54) the bodies of those who died in that battle. The dead of all nations were buried in a series of giant graveyards along the line of the border (55) France and Belgium. Relatives and descendants of those who died still visit these graveyards today. What the French call the "tourism of death" (56) an important contribution to the local economy.
It took a second great conflict before Europe was to turn (57) war itself. Twenty-eight years after the Somme battle, a liberating army of British, American and Canadian troops took back (58) from another German invasion. More than 500,000 people were killed. New (59) were built.
Two great conflicts across two generations helped to change the European mind about war. Germany, once the most warlike country in Europe, is now probably more in (60) of peace than any other. One major cause of war in Europe was rivalry between France and Germany. The European Union was specifically formed to end that (61) .
According to US commentator William Pfaff, "Europeans are interested in a slow development of civilized and tolerant international relations, (62) on problems while avoiding catastrophes along the way. They have themselves only recently (63) from the catastrophes of the WWI and WWII, when tens of millions of people were destroyed. They don’t want (64) ."
The last British veteran of the Somme battle died in 2005, aged 108. And the WWI is passing out of memory and into history. But for anyone who wants to understand how Europeans (65) , it is still important to know a little about the terrible events of July 1, 1916.

A:which B:where C:why D:that