Male and Female pilots cause accidents differently

　　Male pilots flying general aviation¹(private)aircraft in the United States are more likely to crash due to inattention or flawed decision.making.while female pilots are more likely to crash from mishandling the aircraft.These are the results of a study by researchers at the Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health.
　　The study identifies the differences between male and female pilots in terms of circumstances of the crash and the type of pilots error involved².“Crashes of general aviation aircraft account for 85 percent of all aviation deaths³ in the United States.The crash rate for male pilots.as for motor vehicle drivers，exceeds that⁴ of crashes of female pilots，”explains Susan P.Baker, MPH, professor of health policy and management at the Bloomberg School of Public Health.“Because pilot youth and inexperience are established⁵ contributors to aviation crashes⁶, we focused on only mature pilots，to determine the gender differences in the reasons for the crash.
　　The researchers extracted data for this study from a large research project on pilot aging and flight safety.The data were gathered from general aviation crashes of airplanes and helicopters between 1983 and 1997，involving 144 female pilots and 267 male pilots aged 40--63.Female pilots were matched with male pilots in a l：2 ratio，by age，classes of medical and pilot certificates, state or area of crash，and year of crash.Then the circumstances of the crashes and the pilot error involved were categorized and coded without knowledge of pilot gender.
　　The researchers found that loss of control on landing or takeoff was the most common circumstance for both sexes，leading to 59 percent of female pilots’crashes and 36 percent of males’.Experiencing mechanical failure，running out of fuel，and landing the plane with the landing gear up⁷ were among the factors more likely with males，while stalling was more likely with females.
　　The majority of the crashes——95 percent for females and 88 percent for males——involved at least one type of pilot error.Mishandling aircraft kinetics was the most common error for both sexes, but was more common among females(accounting for 81 percent of the crashes)than males (accounting for 48 percent).Males，however，appeared more likely to be guilty of⁸ poor decision-making，risk-taking，and inattentiveness, examples of which include misjudging weather and visibility⁹ or flying an aircraft with a known defect.Females，though more likely to mishandle or lose control of the aircraft，were generally more careful than their male counterparts¹⁰.

 

词汇：

inattention  / ,ɪnə"tɛnʃən / n.  疏忽

aviation / ,evɪ"eʃən / n. 航空

kinetics  / k(a)ɪ"nɛtɪks / n. 动力学
flawed  / flɔ:d / adj. 有缺陷的

mishandle  / ˌmɪs"hændl / v. 瞎弄，乱处理
MPH(Master of Public Health)公共卫生硕士

gender  / "dʒendə(r) / n. 性，性别
run out 耗尽，用完

stalll  / stɔ:l /v. (飞机)失速，(发动机)熄火

 

注释：

1.general aviation：专用航空（航班飞机以外的民航飞行）
2.identifies the differences between male and female pilots in terms of circumstances of the crash and the type of pilots error involved：根据坠毁情况和飞行员失误类型鉴别男女飞行员之间的差异。in terms of：按照，根据
3.account for 85percent of all aviation deaths：占所有坠机死亡人数的85%。account for：占
4.that：代词，代替前半句中的the（crash） rate
5.established：确定的
6.contributors to aviation crashes：坠机的原因。contribute to：对……作出贡献，对……起作用。contributor是contribute的名词，使用同样的介词搭配。
7.with the landing gear up：不放下起落装置
8.be guilty of：be responsible for：对……负责，在……方面有责任
9.misjudging weather and visibility：对天气和能见度判断失误
10.their male counterparts：她们的男同行；counterpart：职务地位相当的人。

What is the most common circumstance of crash with female pilots?

A:Mechanical failure and running out of fuel. B:Loss of control on landing or takeoff and stalling. C:Loss of control on landing or takeoff and running out of fuel. D:Stalling and landing with the gear up

In-line Skating and Injuries

    An increasing number of children are taking up¹ in-line skating²，and it is those new skaters who are most at risk for injuries，according to a statement from an American research institute.

    Some 17.7 million people younger than age 18 participated in the sport in the USin 1996, a 24% increase over the previous year.

    Also in 1996，in-line skating injuries sent 76,000 skaters under the age of 21 to the emergency room³. Inexperienced skaters accounted for 14% of all injuries requiring treatment.

    The most common reasons, for injuries were losing one"s balance due to road debris, being unable to stop，out-of-control speeding，or falls while doing a trick.

    One third of skating injuries are to the wrist, and two thirds of wrist injuries are fractures.

Wearing wrist guards could reduce the number of these injuries by an estimated 87%⁴，according to the AAP.

    Likewise, elbow pads could reduce elbow injuries by 82% , and knee pads could reduce the number of knee injuries by 32% , advise the experts.

    Helmet used by young skaters is required by law inNew YorkandOregon, and the research institute also recommends that⁵ young skaters wear a bicycle helmet or a similar approved sports helmet.

    The age at which children are ready to⁶ use in-line skates depends upon a number of conditions, including the child"s foot size and body strength, general athletic ability and muscle coordination，and the ability to judge traffic and pay attention to the condition of the skating surface ahead, the experts advise.

    The most dangerous skating practice, called “ truck-surfing"，involves skating while holding onto a moving vehicle⁷. Few skaters have fatal injuries, but 31 out of 36 deaths⁸ reported since 1992 involved being knocked down by a motor vehicle, according to data⁹ from the US Consumer Product Safety Commission.

词汇：

inexperienced / ˌɪnɪkˈspɪəriənst/adj.缺乏经验的，不熟练的
helmet / "helmɪt/n.防护帽，帽盔

skate/skeɪt/n.冰鞋，四轮溜冰鞋，旱冰鞋
athletic / æθˈletɪk/adj.运动的，体育的
muscle / "mʌsl/n.肌肉

debris/ ‘deɪbri:/n. 垃圾,碎片
fracture / "fræktʃə(r)/n..骨折，破裂，折断

pad /pæd/n.垫，衬垫，护垫

注释：

1.take up：开始从事某事
2.in-line skating:指在公路等非专门的运动场所滑冰。
3. ... sent 76,000 skaters under the age of 21 to the emergency room.…"使76,000 名 21 岁以下 的滑冰者进了急救室。
4.by an estimated 87% ：据估计为 87%
5.recommend that...:建议；推荐
6.be ready to:准备干某事
7."truck-surfing"，involves skating while holding onto a moving vehicle：滑卡车，指抓住一辆开 着的车滑行。
8.31 out of 36 deaths：36 例死亡中的 31 例
9.data:资料（复数），常用这一复数形式。

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as one of the most common reasons for injuries?

A:Skating with wrist and elbow wounds. B:Losing one"s balance due to road debris. C:Being unable to stop due to high speed. D:Falling down when doing a trick.

Which of the following is a common characteristic of most project life cycle descriptions ？（）

A:Cost and staffing are low at start，higher towards the end of implementation．and drop rapidly as the project nears completion B:The probability of successfully completing the project is highest at the start of the project C:Stakeholders have the most influence on the final characteristics of the product at the end of the project D:Risk and uncertainty are lowest at the start of the project

Which of the following is a common characteristic of most project life cycle descriptions ？（）

A:Cost and staffing are low at start，higher towards the end of implementatioand drop rapidly as the project nears completio B:The probability of successfully completing the project is highest at the start of the projec C:Stakeholders have the most influence on the final characteristics of the product at the end of the projec D:Risk and uncertainty are lowest at the start of the projec

One of the most important results of research into ageing has been to pinpoint the significance of short-term memory. This faculty is easily (1) as ageing advances. What seems to (2) is that in formation is received by the brain, (3) scans it for meaning in order to decode it at some future time. It looks as if the actual (4) of the short-term memory itself may not change too much (5) age. A young man and a man in his late fifties may (6) be able to remember and repeat a(n) (7) of eight numbers recited to them. But what (8) change is that when the older man is asked to re member anything (9) between the time he is first given the numbers to memorise and the time he is asked to (10) them, he will be much less likely to remember the (11) numbers than the young man. This is because the scanning stage is more easily (12) by other activities in (13) people.
In (14) living one experiences this as a fairly minor (15) —a telephone number forgotten while one looks (16) an area code, or the first part of (17) street directions confused with the fast because the last ’turn lefts’ and’ turn rights’ have interfered (18) remembering the first directions. In more formal learning, however, the (19) of short-term memory is more than just a mild social embarrassment. It can be a serious bar to further (20) or indeed to any progress at all.

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET Ⅰ.15（）

A:younger B:older C:most D:common

One of the most important results of research into ageing has been to pinpoint the significance of short-term memory. This faculty is easily (1) as ageing advances. What seems to (2) is that in formation is received by the brain, (3) scans it for meaning in order to decode it at some future time. It looks as if the actual (4) of the short-term memory itself may not change too much (5) age. A young man and a man in his late fifties may (6) be able to remember and repeat a(n) (7) of eight numbers recited to them. But what (8) change is that when the older man is asked to re member anything (9) between the time he is first given the numbers to memorise and the time he is asked to (10) them, he will be much less likely to remember the (11) numbers than the young man. This is because the scanning stage is more easily (12) by other activities in (13) people.
In (14) living one experiences this as a fairly minor (15) —a telephone number forgotten while one looks (16) an area code, or the first part of (17) street directions confused with the fast because the last ’turn lefts’ and’ turn rights’ have interfered (18) remembering the first directions. In more formal learning, however, the (19) of short-term memory is more than just a mild social embarrassment. It can be a serious bar to further (20) or indeed to any progress at all.

1（）

A:younger B:older C:most D:common

One of the most important results of research into ageing has been to pinpoint the significance of short-term memory. This faculty is easily (1) as ageing advances. What seems to (2) is that information is received by the brain, (3) scans it for meaning in order to decode it at some future time. It looks as if the actual (4) of the short-term memory itself may not change too much (5) age. A young man and a man in his late fifties may (6) be able to remember and repeat a(n) (7) of eight numbers recited to them. But what (8) change is that when the older man is asked to remember anything (9) between the time he is first given the numbers to memorise and the time he is asked to (10) them, he will be much less likely to remember the (11) numbers than the young man. This is because the scanning stage is more easily (12) by other activities in (13) people.
In (14) living one experiences this as a fairly minor (15) -- a telephone number forgotten while one looks (16) an area code, or the first part of (17) street directions confused with the last because the last ’turn lefts’ and ’turn rights’ have interfered (18) remembering the first directions. In more formal learning, however, the (19) of short-term memory is more than just a mild social embarrassment. It can be a serious bar to further (20) or indeed to any progress at all.

13（）

A:younger B:older C:most D:common

One of the most important results of research into ageing has been to pinpoint the significance of short-term memory. This faculty is easily (1) as ageing advances. What seems to (2) is that information is received by the brain, (3) scans it for meaning in order to decode it at some future time. It looks as if the actual (4) of the short-term memory itself may not change too much (5) age. A young man and a man in his late fifties may (6) be able to remember and repeat a(n) (7) of eight numbers recited to them. But what (8) change is that when the older man is asked to remember anything (9) between the time he is first given the numbers to memorise and the time he is asked to (10) them, he will be much less likely to remember the (11) numbers than the young man. This is because the scanning stage is more easily (12) by other activities in (13) people.
In (14) living one experiences this as a fairly minor (15) -- a telephone number forgotten while one looks (16) an area code, or the first part of (17) street directions confused with the last because the last ’turn lefts’ and ’turn rights’ have interfered (18) remembering the first directions. In more formal learning, however, the (19) of short-term memory is more than just a mild social embarrassment. It can be a serious bar to further (20) or indeed to any progress at all.

Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.13（）

A:younger B:older C:most D:common

The pines belong to the coniferous (结球果的) class of trees; that is, trees which bear cones. The pines may be told from the other coniferous trees by their leaves, which are in the form of needles two inches or more in length. These needles keep green throughout the entire year. This is characteristic of all coniferous trees, except the larch and cypress, which shed their leaves in winter.
The pines are widely distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere, and include about 80 distinct species with over 600 varieties. The species enumerated here are especially common in the eastern part of the United States, growing either native in the forest or under cultivation in the parks. The pines form a very important class of timber trees and produce beautiful effects when planted in groups in the parks.
How to tell them from each other: The pine needles are arranged in clusters. Each species has a certain characteristic number of needles to the cluster and this fact generally provides the simplest and most direct way of distinguishing the different pines.
In the white pine there are five needles to each cluster, in the pitch pine three, and in the Scotch pine two. The Austrian pine also has two needles to the cluster, but the difference in size and character of the needles will distinguish this species from the Scotch pine.

Which of the following trait is common to pine trees（　）

A:They differ among themselves by shades of green. B:Their pine needles are arranged in clusters. C:They are most common to the western United States. D:They have different numbers of branches.