“Don’t Drink Alone” Gets New Meaning

    In  what may be bad news for bars and pubs，a European research group has found that people drinking alcohol outside of meals have a significantly higher risk of cancer in the mouth and neck than do those taking their libations with food¹ Luigino Dal Maso and his colleagues studied the drinking patterns of 1,500 patients from four cancer studies² and another 3，500 adults who had never had cancer.

    After the researchers accounted for the amount of alcohol consumed, they found that individuals who downed a significant share of their alcohol outside of meals³ faced at least  50 to 80 percent risk of cancer in the oral cavity, pharynx, and esophagus, when compared with people who drank only at meals. Consuming alcohol without food also increased by at least 20 percent the likelihood of laryngeal⁴ cancer. “ Roughly 95 percent of cancers at these four sites⁵ traced to smoking or drinking6 by the study volunteers，” Dal Maso says. The discouraging news, his team reports, is that drinking with meals didn’t eliminate cancer risk at any of the sites.

     For their new analysis，the European scientists divided people in the study into four groups，based on how many drinks they reported having in an average week⁷. The lowest-intake group included people who averaged up to⁸ 20 drinks a week. The highest group reported downing at least 56 servings of alcohol weekly for an average of eight or more per day.⁹ Cancer risks for the mouth and neck sites rose steadily with consumption even for people who reported drinking only with meals. For instance, compared with people in the lowest-consumption group, participants who drank 21 to 34 alcohol servings a week at least doubled their cancer risk for all sites other than the larynx¹⁰. If people in these consumption groups took some of those drinks outside meals, those in the higher consumption group at least quadrupled their risk for oral cavity and esophageal cancers.

    People in the highest-consumption group who drank only with meals had 10 times the risk of oral cancer, 7 times the risk of pharyngeal cancer, and 16 times the risk of esophageal cancer compared with those who averaged 20 or fewer drinks a week with meals. In contrast, laryngeal cancer risk in the high-intake, with-meals-only group¹¹ was only triple that¹² in the low-intake consumers who drank with meals.

     “Alcohol can inflame tissues. Over time, that inflammation can trigger cancer. ” Dal Maso says. He suspects that food reduced cancer risk either by partially coating digestive-tract tissues or by scrubbing alcohol off those tissues. He speculates that the reason laryngeal risks were dramatically lower for all study participants traces to the tissue’s lower exposure to alcohol.

词汇：

cavity / "kævətɪ /n.腔

pharynx/ "færɪŋks/ n.咽

pharyngeal / fəˈrɪndʒiəl /adj.咽的
esophagus/ ɪ"sɒfəɡəs/ n.食管

esophageal / ˌi:sə"fædʒɪəl/adj.食管的
larynx / ˈlærɪŋks /n.喉

scrub / skrʌb /v.擦净，擦掉

triple ["trɪpl]adj.三倍的，n.三部; .v成三倍; 

serving[ˈsə:viŋ] n.（食物或饮料的）一份

inflame[ɪn"fleɪm] v. 使发炎; 

digestive-tract tissue 消化道组织

quadruple[kwɒ"dru:pl]v.成四倍,adj.四倍的

laryngeal[ləˈrɪndʒiəl]adj.喉的

注释：

1. …than do those taking their libations with food：这是一个倒装句，其正常语序为than those taking their libations with food do。这里的do是一个代词，代替上半句中的have a significantly higher risk of cancer in the mouth and neck。
2.drinking patterns of 1,500 patients from four cancer studies ：取自四项癌症研究的1，500 个病例的饮酒习惯模式
3.downed a significant share of their alcohol outside of meals：在就餐时间以外灌下大量烈酒。down：在此作动词用，意为：“喝下，灌下”；significant：意为“large in amount”（大量的）。
4.laryngeal：larynx (喉）的形容词形式。
5.these four sites：指该段前两句提到的oral cavity，pharynx, esophagus, larynx。
6.traced to smoking or drinking：根源就是抽烟或喝酒。trace to:回溯到……
7.in an average week：平均每星期
8.up to：高达
9.56 servings of alcohol weekly for an average of eight or more per day：每周56 杯，平均每天8杯以上。eight后省略了servings意为“(食物或饮料的）一份”。
10.for all sites other than the larynx：除喉以外的全部部位。other than：除了。
11.high-intake, with-meals-only group：(酒精）高摄入、仅在就餐时饮酒的（实验）组。high-intake和with-meals-only在此都是合成形容词，修饰group。
12.was only triple that：是它的三倍。that 指该句前半句中的laryngeal cancer risk。

Approximately how many drinks do the lowest-intake group average per day?

A:3 drinks B:8 drinks C:20 drinks D:56 drinks

Vegetarianism A strict vegetarian is a person who never in his life eats anything derived from animals. The main objection to vegetarianism on a long-term basis is the difficulty to getting enough protein, the body building elements in food. If you have ever been without meat or animal foods for some days of weeks(say, religious reasons) you will have noticed that you tend to get physically rather weak. You are glad when the fast is over and you get your reward of a succulent meat meal. Proteins are built up from approximately twenty food elements called "amino-acids", which are found more abundantly in animal protein than in vegetable protein. This means you have to eat a great deal more vegetable than animal food in order to get enough of these amino-acids. A great of the vegetable food goes to waste in this process and from the physiological point of view there is not much to be said in favor of life-long vegetarianism. The economic side of the question, though, must be considered. Vegetable food is much cheaper than animal food. However, since only a small proportion of the vegetable protein is useful for body-building purposes, a consistent vegetarian, if he is to gain the necessary 70 grams of protein a day, has to consume a greater bulk of food than his digestive organs can comfortably deal with. In fairness, though, it must be pointed out that vegetarians claim they need far less than 70 grams of protein a day. Whether or not vegetarianism should be advocated for adults, it is definitely unsatisfactory for growing children, who need more protein than they can get from vegetable source’’s. A lacto-vegetarian diet, which includes milk and milk products such as cheese, can, however, be satisfactory as long as enough milk and milk products are consumed. Meat and cheese are the best sources of usable digestible and next come milk, fish and eggs. Slow and careful cooking of meat makes it more digestible and assists in the breaking down of the protein content by the body. When cooking vegetables, however, the vitamins, and in particular the water-solube vitamin C, should be lost through overcooking. A vegetarian is a person who______.

A:eats the meat of animals only B:eats the vegetable only C:drinks milk only D:eat nothing at all

{{B}}第三篇{{/B}}

A:eats the meat of animals only B:eats the vegetable only C:drinks milk only D:eat nothing at all

Vegetarianism A strict vegetarian is a person who never in his life eats anything derived from animals. The main objection to vegetarianism on a long-term basis is the difficulty to getting enough protein, the body building elements in food. If you have ever been without meat or animal foods for some days of weeks(say, religious reasons) you will have noticed that you tend to get physically rather weak. You are glad when the fast is over and you get your reward of a succulent meat meal. Proteins are built up from approximately twenty food elements called "amino-acids", which are found more abundantly in animal protein than in vegetable protein. This means you have to eat a great deal more vegetable than animal food in order to get enough of these amino-acids. A great of the vegetable food goes to waste in this process and from the physiological point of view there is not much to be said in favor of life-long vegetarianism. The economic side of the question, though, must be considered. Vegetable food is much cheaper than animal food. However, since only a small proportion of the vegetable protein is useful for body-building purposes, a consistent vegetarian, if he is to gain the necessary 70 grams of protein a day, has to consume a greater bulk of food than his digestive organs can comfortably deal with. In fairness, though, it must be pointed out that vegetarians claim they need far less than 70 grams of protein a day. Whether or not vegetarianism should be advocated for adults, it is definitely unsatisfactory for growing children, who need more protein than they can get from vegetable source’’s. A lacto-vegetarian diet, which includes milk and milk products such as cheese, can, however, be satisfactory as long as enough milk and milk products are consumed. Meat and cheese are the best sources of usable digestible and next come milk, fish and eggs. Slow and careful cooking of meat makes it more digestible and assists in the breaking down of the protein content by the body. When cooking vegetables, however, the vitamins, and in particular the water-solube vitamin C, should be lost through overcooking. A vegetarian is a person who______.

A:eats the meat of animals only B:eats the vegetable only C:drinks milk only D:eat nothing at all

Vegetarianism A strict vegetarian is a person who never in his life eats anything derived from animals. The main objection to vegetarianism on a long-term basis is the difficulty to getting enough protein, the body building elements in food. If you have ever been without meat or animal foods for some days of weeks(say, religious reasons) you will have noticed that you tend to get physically rather weak. You are glad when the fast is over and you get your reward of a succulent meat meal. Proteins are built up from approximately twenty food elements called "amino-acids", which are found more abundantly in animal protein than in vegetable protein. This means you have to eat a great deal more vegetable than animal food in order to get enough of these amino-acids. A great of the vegetable food goes to waste in this process and from the physiological point of view there is not much to be said in favor of life-long vegetarianism. The economic side of the question, though, must be considered. Vegetable food is much cheaper than animal food. However, since only a small proportion of the vegetable protein is useful for body-building purposes, a consistent vegetarian, if he is to gain the necessary 70 grams of protein a day, has to consume a greater bulk of food than his digestive organs can comfortably deal with. In fairness, though, it must be pointed out that vegetarians claim they need far less than 70 grams of protein a day. Whether or not vegetarianism should be advocated for adults, it is definitely unsatisfactory for growing children, who need more protein than they can get from vegetable source’’s. A lacto-vegetarian diet, which includes milk and milk products such as cheese, can, however, be satisfactory as long as enough milk and milk products are consumed. Meat and cheese are the best sources of usable digestible and next come milk, fish and eggs. Slow and careful cooking of meat makes it more digestible and assists in the breaking down of the protein content by the body. When cooking vegetables, however, the vitamins, and in particular the water-solube vitamin C, should be lost through overcooking. A vegetarian is a person who______.

A:eats the meat of animals only B:eats the vegetable only C:drinks milk only D:eat nothing at all

Vegetarianism A strict vegetarian is a person who never in his life eats anything derived from animals. The main objection to vegetarianism on a long-term basis is the difficulty to getting enough protein, the body building elements in food. If you have ever been without meat or animal foods for some days of weeks(say, religious reasons) you will have noticed that you tend to get physically rather weak. You are glad when the fast is over and you get your reward of a succulent meat meal. Proteins are built up from approximately twenty food elements called "amino-acids", which are found more abundantly in animal protein than in vegetable protein. This means you have to eat a great deal more vegetable than animal food in order to get enough of these amino-acids. A great of the vegetable food goes to waste in this process and from the physiological point of view there is not much to be said in favor of life-long vegetarianism. The economic side of the question, though, must be considered. Vegetable food is much cheaper than animal food. However, since only a small proportion of the vegetable protein is useful for body-building purposes, a consistent vegetarian, if he is to gain the necessary 70 grams of protein a day, has to consume a greater bulk of food than his digestive organs can comfortably deal with. In fairness, though, it must be pointed out that vegetarians claim they need far less than 70 grams of protein a day. Whether or not vegetarianism should be advocated for adults, it is definitely unsatisfactory for growing children, who need more protein than they can get from vegetable source’’s. A lacto-vegetarian diet, which includes milk and milk products such as cheese, can, however, be satisfactory as long as enough milk and milk products are consumed. Meat and cheese are the best sources of usable digestible and next come milk, fish and eggs. Slow and careful cooking of meat makes it more digestible and assists in the breaking down of the protein content by the body. When cooking vegetables, however, the vitamins, and in particular the water-solube vitamin C, should be lost through overcooking. A vegetarian is a person who______.

A:eats the meat of animals only B:eats the vegetable only C:drinks milk only D:eat nothing at all