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Engineering Ethics
Engineering ethics is attracting increasing interest in engineering universities throughout the nation. At Texas A&M University, evidence of this interest in professional ethics culminated in the creation of a new course in engineering ethics, as well as a project funded by1 the National Science Foundation to develop material for introducing ethical issues into required undergraduate engineering courses. A small group of faculty and administrators actively supported the growing effort at Texas A&M, yet this group must now expand to meet the needs of increasing numbers of students wishing to learn2 more about the value implications of their actions as professional engineers.
The increasing concern for the value dimension3 of engineering is, at least in part, a result of the attention that the media has given to cases such as the Challenger disaster, the Kansas City Hyatt-Regency Hotel walkways collapse, and the Exxon oil spill. As a response to this concern, a new discipline, engineering ethics, is emerging. This discipline will doubtless4 take its place5 alongside such well-established fields as medical ethics, business ethics, and legal ethics.
The problem presented by this development is that most engineering professors are not prepared to introduce literature in engineering ethics into their classrooms. They are most comfortable with quantitative concepts6 and often do not believe they are qualified to lead class discussions on ethics. Many engineering faculty members do not think that they have the time in an already overcrowded syllabus to introduce discussions on professional ethics, or the time in their own schedules to prepare the necessary material. Hopefully, the resources presented herein will be of assistance.
词汇：
ethics / ’eθɪks /n．道德规范
culminate / ’kʌlmɪneɪt/ v．达到顶点
administrator / əd’mɪnɪstreɪtər/ n．管理者
implication / ,ɪmpli’keɪʃən/ n．含义
syllabus / ’sɪləbəs / n．课程大纲
herein /,hɪər’ɪn / adv．在这里
注释：
1．... culminated in the creation of a new course in engineering ethics, as well as a project funded by ... ：本句可理解为culminated in the creation of a new course ... as well as in a project funded by，即a project前面省略了in。as well as的意思是and。
2．wishing to learn：wishing to learn ...为现在分词短语，用作定语修饰students。
3．value dimension：价值范围，价值尺度
4．doubtless ：相当于doubtlessly，用作状语。
5．take one’s place：确立自己的位置
6．quantitative concepts：以数字表达的概念
Several engineering professors have quit from teaching to protest against the creation of a new course in engineering ethics.
A:Right B:Wrong C:Not mentioned
An output of close project is the creation of______.
A:project archives B:a project charter C:a project management plan D:a risk analysis plan
An output of close project is the creation of （）．
A:project archives B:a project charter C:a project management plan D:a risk analysis plan
The creation of the new advanced vocational diploma is ______.
A:giving the possibility to deepen professional knowledge B:a real alternative to general cultural schools C:equal to diploma of colleges of higher education D:vital to the education of our future elite
To live in the Untied States today is to gain an appreciation for Dahrendorf’ s assertion that social change exists everywhere. Technology, the application of knowledge for practical ends, is a major source of social change.
Yet we would do well to remind ourselves that technology is a human creation; it does not exist naturally. A spear or a robot is as much a cultural as a physical object. Until humans use a spear to hunt game or a robot to produce machine parts, neither is much more than a solid mass of matter. For a bird looking for an object on which to rest, a spear or robot serves the purpose equally well. The explosion of the Challenger space shuttle(挑战者号航天飞机) and the Russian nuclear accident at Chernobyl drive home the human quality of technology; they provide cases in which well-planned systems suddenly went haywire(变得混乱)and there was no ready hand to set them right. Since technology is a human creation, we are responsible for what is done with it. Pessimists worry that we will use our technology eventually to blow our world and ourselves to pieces. But they have been saying this for decades, and so far we have managed to survive and even flourish. Whether we will continue to do so in the years ahead remains uncertain. Clearly, the impact of technology on our lives deserves a closer examination.
Few technological developments have had a greater impact on our lives than the computer revolution. Scientists and engineers have designed specialized machines that can do the tasks that once only people could do. There are those who assert that the switch to an informationbased economy is in the same camp as other great historical milestones, particularly the Industrial Revolution. Yet when we ask why the Industrial Revolution was a revolution, we find that it was not the machines. The primary reason why it was a revolutionary is that it led to great social change. It gave rise to mass production and, through mass production, to a society in which wealth was not confined to the few.
In somewhat similar fashion, computers promise to revolutionize the structure of American life, particularly as they free the human mind and open new possibilities in knowledge and communication. The industrial Revolution supplemented and replaced the muscles of humans and animals by mechanical methods. The computer extends this development to supplement and replace some aspects of the mind of human beings by electronic methods. It is the capacity of the computer for solving problems and making decisions that represents its greatest potential and that poses the greatest difficulties in predicting the impact on society.
A:if not given close examination, technology could be used to destroy our world B:technology is a human creation, so we are responsible for it C:technology usually goes wrong, if not controlled by man D:being a human creation, technology is liable to error
下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题，每题后面有4个选项。请仔细阅读短文并根据短文回答其后面的问题，从4个选项中选择1个最佳答案。
{{B}}第一篇{{/B}}
| ? ? To live in the Untied States today is
to gain an appreciation for Dahrendorf’ s assertion that social change exists
everywhere. Technology, the application of knowledge for practical ends, is a
major source of social change. ? ?Yet we would do well to remind ourselves that technology is a human creation; it does not exist naturally. A spear or a robot is as much a cultural as a physical object. Until humans use a spear to hunt game or a robot to produce machine parts, neither is much more than a solid mass of matter. For a bird looking for an object on which to rest, a spear or robot serves the purpose equally well. The explosion of the Challenger space shuttle(挑战者号航天飞机) and the Russian nuclear accident at Chernobyl drive home the human quality of technology; they provide cases in which well-planned systems suddenly went haywire(变得混乱)and there was no ready hand to set them right. Since technology is a human creation, we are responsible for what is done with it. Pessimists worry that we will use our technology eventually to blow our world and ourselves to pieces. But they have been saying this for decades, and so far we have managed to survive and even flourish. Whether we will continue to do so in the years ahead remains uncertain. Clearly, the impact of technology on our lives deserves a closer examination. ? ?Few technological developments have had a greater impact on our lives than the computer revolution. Scientists and engineers have designed specialized machines that can do the tasks that once only people could do. There are those who assert that the switch to an informationbased economy is in the same camp as other great historical milestones, particularly the Industrial Revolution. Yet when we ask why the Industrial Revolution was a revolution, we find that it was not the machines. The primary reason why it was a revolutionary is that it led to great social change. It gave rise to mass production and, through mass production, to a society in which wealth was not confined to the few. ? ?In somewhat similar fashion, computers promise to revolutionize the structure of American life, particularly as they free the human mind and open new possibilities in knowledge and communication. ?The industrial Revolution supplemented and replaced the muscles of humans and animals by mechanical methods. The computer extends this development to supplement and replace some aspects of the mind of human beings by electronic methods. It is the capacity of the computer for solving problems and making decisions that represents its greatest potential and that poses the greatest difficulties in predicting the impact on society. |
A:if not given close examination, technology could be used to destroy our world B:technology is a human creation, so we are responsible for it C:technology usually goes wrong, if not controlled by man D:being a human creation, technology is liable to error
The Gene Industry Major companies are already in pursuit of commercial applications of the new biology. They dream of placing enzymes in the automobile to monitor exhaust and send data on pollution to a microprocessor that will then adjust the engine. They speak of what the New York Times calls "metal—hungry microbes that might be used to mine valuable trace metals from ocean water". They have already demanded and won the right to patent new lifeforms. Nervous critics, including many scientists, worry that there is corporate, national, international, and inter-scientific rivalry in the entire biotechnological field. They create images not of oil spills, but of "microbe spills" that could spread disease and destroy entire populations. The creation and accidental release of extremely poisonous microbes, however, is only one cause for alarm. Completely rational and respectable scientists are talking about possibilities that stagger the imagination. Should we breed people with cow-like stomachs so they can digest grass and hay, thereby relieving the food problem by modifying us to eat lower down on the food chain? Should we biologically alter workers to fit the job requirement, for example, creating pilots with faster reaction times or assembly-line workers designed to do our monotonous work for us? Should we attempt to eliminate "inferior" people and breed a " super-race"? ( Hitler tried this, but without the genetic weaponry that may soon issue from our laboratories. ) Should we produce soldiers to do our fighting? Should we use genetic forecasting to pre-eliminate "unfit" babies? Should we grow reserve organs for ourselves, each of us having, as it were, a " savings bank" full of spare kidney, livers or hands? Wild as these notions may sound, every one has its advocates (and opposers) in the scientific community as well as its striking commercial application. As two critics of genetic engineering, Jeremy Rifkin and Ted Howard, state in their book Who Should Play God? " Broad Scale genetic engineering will probably be introduced to America much the same way as assembly lines, automobiles, vaccines, computers and all the other technologies. As each new genetic advance becomes commercially practical, a new consumer need will be exploited and a market for the new technology will be created." According to the passage, which of the following would worry the critics the most?
A:The unanticipated explosion of population B:The creation of biological solar cells. C:The accidental spill of oil. D:The unexpected release of destructive microbes.
{{B}}第二篇{{/B}}
| ? ?
A Tale of Scottish Rural Life ? ?Lewis Grassic Gibbon’s Sunset Song (1932) was voted "the best Scottish novel of all time" by Scottish’s reading public in 2005．Once considered shocking for its frank description of aspects of the lives of Scotland’s poor rural farmers, it has been adapted for stage, film, TV and radio in recent decades. ? ?The novel is set on the fictional estate of Kinraddie, in the farming country of the Scottish northwest in the years up to and beyond World War I. At its heart is the story of Chris, who is both part of the community and a little outside it. ? ?Grassic Gibbon gives us the most detailed and intimate account of the life of his heroine. We watch her grow through a childhood dominated by her cruel but hard-working father; experience tragedy (her mother’s suicide and murder of her twin children ) ; and learn about her feelings as she grows into woman. We see her marry, lose her husband, then marry again. Chris has seemed so convincing a figure to some female readers that they cannot believe that she is the creation of a man. ? ?But it would be misleading to suggest that this book is just about Chris. It is truly a novel of a place and its people. Its opening section tells of Kinraddie’s long history, in a language that imitates the place’s changing patterns of speech and writing. ? ?The story itself is amazingly null of characters and incidents. It is told from Chris’ point of view but also from that of the gossiping community, a community where everybody knows everybody else’s business and nothing is ever forgotten. ? ?Sunset. Song has a social theme too. It is concerned with what Grassic Gibbon perceives as the destruction of traditional Scottish rural life first by modernization and then by World War I, Gibbon tried hard to show how certain characters resist the war. Despite this, the war takes the young men away, a number of them to their deaths. In particular it takes away Chris’ husband, Evan Tavendale. The war finally kills Evan, but not in the way his widow is told. In fact, the Germans aren’t responsible for his death, but his own side. He is shot because he is said to have run away from a battle. ? ?If the novel is about the end of one way of life it also looks ahead, It is a "Sunset Song" but is concerned too with the new Kinraddie, indeed of the new European world. Grassic Gibbon went on to publish two other novels about the place that continue its story. ? ?注释： ? ?[1] Lewis Grassic Gibbon’s Sunset Song (1932) was voted "the best Scottish novel of all time" by Scottish’s reading public in 2005．Lewis Grassic Gibbon 《日落歌》(1932年在2005 被苏格兰读书界投票为“历来最佳的小说”。 ? ?[2] Chris has seemed so convincing a figure to some female readers that they cannot believe that she is the creation of a man. 在一些女读者看来，Chris这个人物写得非常令人信服，因此难以相信她是由一个男人创作出来的。 |
A:She is the heroine of Sunset Song. B:She had a miserable childhood. C:She is the creation of a man. D:She married only once.
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