单选
单选
Income
Income may be national income and personal income. Whereas national income is defined as the total earned income of all the factors of production—namely 1, profits, interest, rent, wages, and other compensation for labor, personal income may be defined as total money income received by individuals before personal taxes are paid. National income does not equal GNP(Gross National Product)because the factors of production do not receive payment for either capital consumption allowances or indirect business taxes, both of which are included in GNP. The money put aside for capital consumption is for replacement and thus is not counted as income 2. Indirect taxes include sales taxes, property taxes, and excise taxes that are paid by businesses directly to the government and so reduce the income left to pay for the factors of production. Three-fourths of national income goes for 3 wages, salaries, and other forms of compensation to employees.
Whereas national income shows the income that the factors of production earn, personal income measures the income that individuals or households receive. Corporation profits are included in national income because they are earned. Out of these profits, however, corporation profit taxes must be paid to government, and some money must be put into the business for expansion. Only that part of profits distributed as dividends goes to the individual; therefore, out of corporation profits only dividends count as personal income. The factors of production earn money for social security and unemployment insurance contributions, but this money goes to government(which is not a factor of production), not to individuals. It is therefore part of national income but not part of personal income.
On the other hand, money received by individuals when they collect social security or unemployment compensation is not money earned but money received. Interest received on government bonds 4 is also in this category, because much of the money received from the sale of bonds went to pay for war production and that production no longer furnishes a service to 5 the economy.
The money people receive as personal income may be either spent or saved. However, not all spending is completely voluntary. A significant portion of our income goes to pay personal taxes. Most workers never receive the money they pay in personal taxes, because it is withheld from their paychecks 6. The money that individuals are left with 7 after they have met their tax obligations is disposable personal income. Disposable income can be divided between personal consumption expenditures and personal savings. It is important to remember that personal saving is what is left after spending.
词汇：
GNP(Gross National Product)国民生产总值 indirect taxes 间接税
sales taxes 销售税 property taxes 财产税 excise taxes 消费税
corporation profit taxes 公司利润税 dividend ["dɪvɪdend]红利;股息;债息
social security (美国的)社会保障制度;社会保险(制度);社会保险金
withhold [wɪð"həʊld] 使停止;阻挡;拒给;隐瞒;克制
disposable [dɪˈspəʊzəbl]可自由使用的;可任意处理的
注释：
1.namely：即；也就是。例如：Only one boy was absent，namely Harry.只有一个男孩缺席，那就是哈里。
2.…thus is not counted as income…：……因此不能算收入……count可作动词和不及物动词。例如：There will be ten guests，not counting the children.孩子不算，将有10个客人。
3.go for…：用于
4.interest received on government bonds…：政府债券所得利息……
5.furnishes a service to…：对……提供服务
6.…because it is withheld from their paychecks.：……因为它从他们的工资卡上被扣除了。
7.The money that individuals are left with…：个人余留下来的钱……
According to this passage,the money you get as interest from governhment bonds is____.
A:the money earned B:the money not earned but received C:the money received for the contribution you have made to the economy D:the money earned for the service you have furnished to the economy
Finding Enlightenment in Scotland
In the 1740s, the famous French philosophy Voltaire said "We look toScotlandfor all our ideas of civilization." That"s not a bad advertisement for any country, especially when it comes to attracting people in search of a first class education.
Yet some people go even further than that. According to the American author Arthur Herman, the Scots invented the modem world itself. He argues that Scottish thinkers and intellectuals worked out many of the most important ideas on which modem life depends - everything from the scientific method to market economics. Their ideas did not just spread amongst intellectuals, but to those people in business, government and the sciences who actually shaped the Western world.
It all started during the period that historians call the Scottish Enlightenment, which is usually seen as taking place between the years 1740 and 1800, At this time,Scotlandwas home to a number of thinkers who made an important shift in the course of Western philosophy. Before that, philosophy was mainly concerned with religion. For the thinkers of the Scottish Enlightenment, the proper study of humanity was mankind itself.
Their reasoning was practical. For the philosopher David Hume, humanity was the right subject for philosophy because we can examine human behavior and so find real evidence of how people think and feel. And from that we can make judgments about the societies we live in and make concrete suggestions about how they can be improved, for universal benefit.
Hume was not a scientist himself, but his enquiry into the nature of knowledge laid the foundations for the scientific method - the pursuit of truth through experiment. His friend and fellow resident of Edinburgh, Adam Smith, famously applied the study of mankind to the ways in which mankind does business. Trade, he argued, was a form of information. Money is the way in which people tell each other what they want, and how much people pay is the best way we have of knowing how much somebody wants something. In pursuing our own interests through trading in markets, we all come to benefit each other.
Smith"s idea of "enlightened self-interest" has come to dominate modem views of economics. It also has wider applications. He was one of the first major philosophers to point out that nations can become rich, free and powerful more efficiently through peace, trade and invention than by means of war and plunder.
The original Scottish Enlightenment is thought to have ended with the lives of Smith, Hume anti the other thinkers who lived inScotlandat that time. But a wider Scottish Enlightenment can still be seen. It exists in the way that the ideas evolved at that time still underpin our theories. It also exists inScotlanditself in an educational tradition that combines academic excellence with practical orientation.
The Institute for System Level Integration (ISLI) is a good example. Founded in 1998 by a group of four Scottish universities, ISLI draws on the academic expertise of the university departments of computer science, electronic and electrical engineering and informatics. But though it works at the cutting edge 1 of science, ISLI"s ultimate aims are rooted in the needs of the real world 2: to produce highly skilled design engineers and researchers to meet the needs of the rapidly changing global semiconductor industry.
Though only one amongst many educational institutions inScotland, ISLI"s existence shows that the principles of the Scottish Enlightenment still live on. It"s a country that"s still inventing, still modernizing, and still doing its best to spread enlightenment.
词汇：
Enlightenment [ɪnˈlaɪtnmənt] n. 启蒙
underpin [ˌʌndə"pɪn] v. 作为……的基础
plunder ["plʌndə(r)] n.掠夺
semiconductor [ˌsemikənˈdʌktə(r)] n. 半导体
注释：
1.cutting edge:（科技发展的）前沿
2.rooted in the needs of the real"world:基于现实世界的需要
Smith"s idea of "enlightened self-interest" has great significance for____.
A:the pursuit of personal interest B:the prosperity of all nations C:the improvement of international trade D:the study of economics only
The English weather defies forecast and hence is a source of interest and __________ to everyone.
A:speculation B:attribution C:utilization D:proposition
The more (frequent) the child expresses his (interest) in (an) activity, the stranger (it) will become.（ ）
A:frequent B:interest C:an D:it
A growing interest in sports developed utter ______. ( )
A:research showed their health benefits B:people got the message from magazine covers and postage stamps C:scientific evidence of health benefits was shown on TV ads D:an increasing number of races were held in American cities
If you made a list of all the jobs performed by the different kinds of energy, you would fill many pages.
Nuclear energy is used in some areas of the United States. But there are dangers. Waste materials from nuclear (51) would destroy life if they leaked (52) the land. When nuclear energy is produced, a lot of (53) is produced, too, so a flow of lake or ocean water is used to cool the operations. Then the water (54) to its source. If the returning water were too hot, it would destroy fish and other (55) .
Cow manure is being used to produce a kind of (56) . The manure from farms is put into a machine to convert it to a liquid. Then the gas is formed (57) a natural process. If the converter were not so (58) at the present time, it would be used in many places to provide (59) .
Garbage has become an energy source. It (60) to oil, steam, or electricity, or it is used on the land.
But recent (61) about power supplies has led to increased interest in the use of wind (62) a source of electrical power. Windmills are clean and they (63) no waste. And they use a (64) resource. Some scientists consider that wind energy systems can fulfill a valuable (65) in meeting the energy needs of industrialized nations and of the developing world.
A:consideration B:thought C:concern D:interest
He has a {{U}}passionate{{/U}} interest in music.
A:enthusiastic B:perfect C:practical D:funny
He has a {{U}}passionate{{/U}} interest in music.
A:enthusiastic B:perfect C:practical D:funny
您可能感兴趣的题目
