Before a big exam, a sound night’s sleep Will do you better than poring over textbooks. That, at least, is the folk wisdom. And science, in the form of behavioral psychology, supports that wisdom. But such behavioral studies cannot distinguish between two competing theories of why sleep is good for the memory. One says that sleep is when permanent memories form. The other says that they are actually formed during the day, but then "edited" at night, to flush away what is superfluous.
To tell the difference, it is necessary to look into the brain of a sleeping person, and that is hard. But after a decade of painstaking work, a team led by Pierre Maquet at Liege University in Belgium has managed to do it. The particular stage of sleep in which the Belgian group is interested is rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, when brain and body are active, heart rate and blood pressure increase, the eyes move back and forth behind the eyelids as if watching a movie, and brainwave traces resemble those of wakefulness. It is during this period of sleep that people are most likely to relive events of the previous day in dreams.
Dr. Maquet used an electronic device called PET to study the brains of people as they practiced a task during the day, and as they slept during the following night. The task required them to press a button as fast as possible, in response to a light coming on in one of six positions. As they learnt how to do this, their response times got faster. What they did not know Was that the appearance of the lights sometimes followed a pattern—what is referred to as "artificial grammar". Yet the reductions in response time showed that they learnt faster when the pattern was present than when there was not.
What is more, those with more to learn (i. e. the "grammar", as well as the mechanical task of pushing the button) have more active brains. The "editing" theory would not predict that, since the number of irrelevant stimuli would be the same in each case. And to eliminate any doubts that the experimental subjects were learning as opposed to unlearning, their response times when they woke up were even quicker than when they went to sleep.
The team, therefore, concluded that the nerve connections involved in memory are reinforced through reactivation during REM sleep, particularly if the brain detects an inherent structure in the material being learnt. So now, on the eve of that crucial test, maths students can sleep soundly in the knowledge that what they will remember the next day are the basic rules of algebra and not the incoherent talk from the radio next door.

What advice might Maquet give to those who have a crucial test the next day（）

A:Memorizing grammar with great efforts. B:Study textbooks with close attention. C:Have their brain images recorded. D:Enjoy their sleep at night soundly.

Billy, a hard-working student, is fourteen years old and in the ninth grade. He has a part-time job that (21) him up every morning at five o’ clock, when most people are still (22) asleep. He is a newspaper boy.
Each morning, Billy leaves the house at 5:15 to go to the (23) where the newspapers always are. The newspapers were (24) to the comer by truck at midnight. He always takes a wagon to (25) them.
In the winter it is still dark (26) he gets up every day, but during the rest of the year it is (27) . Billy’ must send the newspapers to the houses of people on his (28) in all kinds of weather. He tries to put each paper on the po ch(门廊)where it will be (29) from wind and rain or snow. Sometimes his customers give him tips, (30) him very excited.
Billy earns about$70 per month through hard (31) , and he is saving some of the money to go to (32) , where he has always been longing to go. Besides that, he (33) the rest of the earnings on records and clothes. Once a month, he has to collect the (34) at night since many of them work during the day. That is when he is (35) so that he is full of excitement. Luckily, he gets greatly supported by his family. Billy has seventy customers now, but he doesn’ t feel happy about the number.
He dreams that he will get as many customers as possible some day. If that, he might win a prize for being an outstanding newspaper boy. He wants to win a trip to Europe, but he will be happy if he wins a new bicycle.

22（）

A:sound  B:falling  C:fall  D:soundly

Coffee lovers beware. Having a quick "pick-me-up" cup of coffee late in the day will play havoc with your sleep. As well as being a stimulant, caffeine interrupts the flow of melatonin, the brain hormone that sends people into a sleep.
Melatonin levels normally start to rise about two hours before bedtime. Levels then peak between 2 am and 4 am, before falling again. "It’s the neurohormone that controls our sleep and tells our body when to sleep and when to wake," says Maurice Ohayon of the Stanford Sleep Epidemiology Research Center at Stanford University in California. But researchers in Israel have found that caffeinated coffee halves the body’s levels of this sleep hormone.
Lotan Shilo and a team at the Sapir Medical Center in Tel Aviv University found that six volunteers slept less well after a cup of caffeinated coffee than after drinking the same amount of decal. On average, subjects slept 336 minutes per night after drinking caffeinated coffee, compared with 415 minutes after decal. They also took half an hour to drop off— twice as long as usual—and jigged around in bed twice as much.
In the second phase of the experiment, the researchers woke the volunteers every three hours and asked them to give a urine sample. Shilo measured concentrations of a breakdown product of melatonin. The results suggest that melatonin concentrations in caffeine drinkers were half those in decaf drinkers. In a paper accepted for publication in Sleep Medicine, the researchers suggest that caffeine blocks production of the enzyme that drives melatonin production.
Because it can take many hours to eliminate caffeine from the body, Ohayon recommends that coffee lovers switch to decaf after lunch.

The author of this passage probably agrees that（　）

A:coffee lovers sleep less than those who do not drink coffee B:we should not drink coffee after supper C:people sleep more soundly at midnight than at 3 am D:if we feel sleepy at night, we should go to bed immediately

Coffee lovers beware. Having a quick "pick-me-up" cup of coffee late in the day will play havoc with your sleep. As well as being a stimulant, caffeine interrupts the flow of melatonin, the brain hormone that sends people into a sleep.
Melatonin levels normally start to rise about two hours before bedtime. Levels then peak between 2 am and 4 am. before falling again. "It’s the neurohormone that controls our sleep and tells our body when to sleep and when to wake," says Maurice Ohayon of the Stanford Sleep Epidemiology Research Center at Stanford University in California. But researchers in Israel have found that caffeinated coffee halves the body’s levels of this sleep hormone.
Lotan Shilo and a team at the Sapir Medical Center in Tel Aviv University found that six volunteers slept less well after a cup of caffeinated coffee than after drinking the same amount of decaf. On average, subjects slept 336 minutes per night after drinking caffeinated coffee, compared with 415 minutes after decaf. They also took half an hour to drop off twice as long as usual and jigged around in bed twice as much.
In the second phase of the experiment, the researchers woke the volunteers every three hours and asked them to give a urine sample. Shilo measured concentrations of a breakdown product of melatonin. The results suggest that melatonin concentrations in caffeine drinkers were half those in decaf drinkers. In a paper accepted for publication in Sleep Medicine, the researchers suggest that caffeine blocks production of the enzyme that drives melatonin production.
Because it can take many hours to eliminate caffeine from the body, Ohayon recommends that coffee lovers switch to decaf after lunch.
The author of this passage probably agrees that

A:coffee lovers sleep less than those who do not drink coffee. B:we should not drink coffee after supper. C:people sleep more soundly at midnight than at 3 am. D:if we feel sleepy at night, we should go to bed immediately.

When a child is ill in hospital, a parent’s first reaction is to be (51) them.
Most hospitals now allow parents to sleep. (52) with their child, providing a bed or so far on the ward.
But until the 1970s this (53) was not only frowned upon, it was actively discouraged. Staff worried that the children were (54) when their parents left, and so there was a blanket ban.
A concerned nurse, Pamela Hawthorn, disagreed and her study "Nurse! I want my mummy" published in 1974, (55) the face of paediatric nursing.
Martin Johnson, a professor of nursing at the University of Salford, said that the work of (56) like Pamela had changed the face of patient care.
"Pamela’s study was done against the (57) of a lively debate in paediatrics and psychology as to the degree women should spend with children in the outside world and the degree to which they should be allowed to visit children in (58) "
"The idea was that if mum came to (59) . a small child in hospital the child would be upset and inconsolable for hours. "
"Yet the nurse noticed that if mum did not come at (60) the child stayed in a relatively stable state but they might be depressed. "
"Of course we know now that they had almost given up hope (61) mum was eve coining back. "
"To avoid a little bit of pain they said that no one should visit."
"But children were alone and depressed so Hawthorn said parents should be (62) to visit."
"Dr Peter Carter, chief executive and general secretary of the Royal College of Nursing, said her (63) had been seminal. "
"Her research put an end to the (64) when parents handed their children over to strangers at the door of the hospital ward. "
"As a result of her work, parents and careers are now recognized as partners and are afforded the opportunity to stay with their children whilst they are in hospital, (65) has dramatically improved both parents’ and children’s experience of care. /

A:soundly B:overtime C:fortnight D:overnight

Coffee lovers beware. Having a quick "pick-me-up" cup of coffeel late in the day will play havoc with your sleep. As well as being a stimulant, caffeine interrupts the flow of melatonin, the brain hormone that sends people into a sleep.
Melatonin levels normally start to rise about two hours before bedtime. Levels then peak between 2 a.m. and 4 a. m. , before falling again. "It’s the neurohormone that controls our sleep and tells our body when to sleep and when to wake, " says Maurice Ohayon of the Stanford Sleep Epidemiology Research Center at Stanford University in California. But researchers in Israel have found that caffeinated coffee halves the body’s levels of this sleep hormone.
Lotan Shilo and a team at the Sapir Medical Center in Tel Aviv University found that six volunteers slept less well after a cup of caffeinated coffee than after drinking the same amount of decal. On average, subjects slept 336 minutes per night after drinking caffeinated coffee, compared with 415 minutes after decal. They also took half an hour to drop off-twice as long as usual-and jigged around in bed twice as much.
In the second phase of the experiment, the researchers woke the volunteers every three hours and asked them to give a urine sample. Shilo measured concentrations of a breakdown product of melatonin. The results suggest that melationin concentrations in caffeine drinkers were half those in decal drinkers. In a paper accepted for publication in Sleep Medicinc, the researchers suggest that caffeine blocks production of the enzyme that drives melatonin production.
Because it can take many hours to eliminate caffeine from the body, Ohayon recommends that coffee lovers switch to decal after lunch.
The author of this passage probably agrees that ______.

A:coffee lovers sleep less than those who do not drink coffee B:we should not drink coffee after supper C:people sleep more soundly at midnight than at 3a. m. D:if we feel sleepy at night, we should go to bed immediately

{{B}}第三篇{{/B}}

How do ermines survive in winter?

A:They leave their cosy burrows and migrate to warmer lands. B:They sleep soundly inside their burrows in winter. C:They dig out burrows and store them with enough food. D:They stay in their burrows and live on the food stored there.

How Animals Keep Warm
Man has invented ways to keep warm, but how do animals defend themselves They cannot reason in the sense that man can, but nature has taken care of the animal kingdom by providing animals with special instincts. One of these instincts is known as hibernation.
"Sleeping like a dormouse" is not only a common saying but is a reality. When winter comes, the dormouse and other hibernating animals have reached a well-nourished state. They eat very well in warmer days laying down fat in the tissues of their bodies and during hibernation this keeps them alive. Safe in their nests, or burrows, they sleep soundly until the warmth of spring arrives.
Bats, tortoises, snakes, frogs, even insects like butterflies, hibernate more or less completely. Some, like the squirrels, sleep during coldest weather but are roused by a warm spell. During hibernation, the temperature of an animal’s body drops drastically. Breathing and heart-beats almost cease.
Another instinctive method of avoiding intense cold is to escape by means of migration. Wild swans, seagulls, swallows and cuckoos are a few of the very many kinds of birds which fly thousands of miles, twice a year, to avoid cold. Many animals, especially those of the Arctic reindeer of Europe, move southward towards the forests when winter approaches. They return to the northern area when the warmth of spring begins to be sensed.
There are animals which do not attempt to leave at the first sign of winter cold. Their instinctive means of defense is to dig out a deep burrow, made soft and warm by padding out with straw, leaves, moss and fur. In it they have a "secret place" containing food which they hope will last the winter through! Animals which fall into this class include the Arctic fox, the rabbit and the ermine, and the little field-mice.
How do ermines survive in winter

A:They leave their cosy burrows and migrate to warmer lands. B:They sleep soundly inside their burrows in winter. C:They dig out burrows and store them with enough food. D:They stay in their burrows and live on the food stored ther

{{B}}第三篇{{/B}}

How do ermines survive in winter?

A:They leave their cosy burrows and migrate to warmer lands. B:They sleep soundly inside their burrows in winter. C:They dig out burrows and store them with enough food. D:They stay in their burrows and live on the food stored there.