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The Beginning of American Literature

    American has always been a land of beginnings. After Europeans “ discovered” Americain the fifteenth century, the mysteriousNew Worldbecame for many people a genuine hope of a new life, an escape from poverty and persecution, a chance to start again. We can say that, as nation,Americabegins with that hope. When, however, does American literature begin?

    American literature begins with American experiences. Long before the first colonists arrived, before Christopher Columbus 1, before the Northmen who foundAmericaabout year 1,000, Native Americans lived here. Each tribe"s literature was tightly woven into the fabric of daily life and reflected the unmistakably American experience of lining with the land 2. Another kind of experience, one filled with fear and excitement, found its expression in the reports that Columbus and other explorers sent home inSpain, French and English. In addition, the journals of the people who lived and died in theNew Englandwilderness 3 tell unforgettable tales of hard end sometimes heartbreaking experiences of those early years.

    Experience, then, is the key to early American literature. TheNew Worldprovided a great variety of experiences, and experiences demanded a wide variety of expressions by an even wider variety of early American writers. These writers included John Smith, who spent only two-and-a-half year: on the American, continent. They included Jonathan Edwards and William Byrd，who thought of themselves as British subjects, never suspecting a revolution that would create a United States of America with a literature of its own. American Indians, explorers,

    Puritan ministers, frontier wives, plantation owner一they are all the creators of the first American literature.

 

词汇：

colonist [ˈkɒlənɪst] n.殖民者    

subject ["sʌbdʒɪkt] n.臣民          

puritan [ˈpjʊərɪtən] n.清教徒的

 

注释：

1．Christopher Columbus:克里斯托弗·哥伦布，美洲新大陆的发现者

2.  Each tribe"s literature was tightly woven into the fabric of daily life and reflected the unmistakably American experience of lining with the land.每个部落的文学都紧密地交织到日常生活的架构中去，反映了和土地密切相连的确凿无疑的美洲生活经历。

3．New England wilderness:新英格兰的荒原，新英格兰指如今美国东北部的几个州，为来自欧洲的殖民者最早定居的地区。

What does "that hope" in the first paragraph refer to?

A:The hope that Americawould be discovered. B:The hope to start a new life. C:The hope to see the mysteries of the New World. D:The hope to find poverty here.

—I hope that John will not play football tomorrow.
—Yes, I______.

A:hope it too B:hope too C:hope that too D:hope so too

—I hope that John will not play football tomorrow. —Yes, I______.

A:hope it too B:hope too C:hope that too D:hope so too

Acceptance of Chronic Illness

For chronically ill patients, giving up the hope that they will get better may actually lead to more happiness, U.S. researchers suggest.
"Hope is an important part of happiness, but there’s a dark side of hope. Sometimes, if hope makes people put off getting on with their life, it can get in the way of happiness," Dr. Peter A. Ubel from the University of Michigan Health System said in a university news release.
He and his colleagues studied patients who’d just had a colostomy (结肠造口术), which means their colons (结肠) were removed and they had to have howe1 (肠) movements in a pouch (小袋) outside the body. At the time of the surgery, some patients were told the procedure was reversible and they’d have a second operation in a few months to reconnect their bowels. Other patients were told the colostomy was permanent.
The patients were followed for six months, and the researchers found that those without hope of regaining normal bowel function were happier than those with reversible colostomies.
"We think they were happier because they got on with their life. They realized the cards they were dealt, and recognized that they had no choice but to play with those cards," Ubel said. "The other group was waiting for their colostomy to be reversed. They contrasted their current life with the life they hoped to lead, and didn’t make the best of their current situation. "
The study, published in the November edition of Health Psychology, also may explain why people whose spouse dies often recover better emotionally over time than those who get divorced, the researchers said.
That’s because people whose husband or wife dies have closure (结束), while those who get divorced may still have hope for some chance of making up, they explained.

What could be the message of the passage（　）

A:Giving up hope means giving up happiness. B:Letting go of hope is at times a better choice. C:Hope is what makes people move on. D:Hope frequently gets in the way of happiness.

Hope

? ?Holding on to hope may not make patients happier as they deal with chronic illness or diseases, according to a new study by University of Michigan Health System researchers.
? ?"Hope is an important part of happiness," said Peter A Ubel M. D, director of the U-M Center for Behavioral and Decision Sciences in Medicine and one of the authors of the happily hopeless study, "but there’s a dark side of hope. Sometimes, if hope makes people put off getting on with their life, it can get in the way of happiness. "
? ?The results showed that people do not adapt well to situations if they are believed to be short-term. Ubel and his co-authors both from U-M and Carnegie Mellon University studied patients who had new colostomies: their colons were removed and they had to have bowel movements in a pouch that lies outside their body.
? ?At the time they received their colostomy, some patients were told that the colostomy was reversible that they would undergo a second operation to reconnect their bowels after several months. Others were told that the colostomy was permanent and that they would never have normal bowel function again. The second group, the one without hope, reported being happier over the next six months than those with reversible colostomies.
? ?"We think they were happier because they got on with their lives. They realized the cards they were dealt, and recognized that they had no choice but to play with those cards, " says Ubel, who is also a professor in the Department of Internal Medicine.
? ?"The other group was waiting for their colostomy to be reversed," he added. "They contrasted their current life with the life they hoped to lead, and didn’t make the best of their current situation. "
? ?"Hopeful messages may not be in the best interests of the patient and may interfere with the patient’s emotional adaptation," Ubel says. "I don’t think we should take hope away. But I think we have to be careful about building up people’s hope so much that they put off living their lives. /

What could be the message of the passage?

A:Giving up hope means giving up happiness. B:Letting go of hope is at times a better choice. C:Hope is what makes people move on. D:Hope frequently gets in the way of happiness.

{{B}}第三篇{{/B}}

Acceptance of Chronic Illness

? ? For chronically i11 patients, giving up the hope that they will get better may actually lead to more happiness, U.S. researchers suggest.
? ? "Hope is an important part of happiness, but there’s a dark side of hope. Sometimes, if hope makes people put off getting on with their life, it can get in the way of happiness," Dr. Peter A. Ubel from the University of Michigan Health System said in a university news release.
? ? ?He and his colleagues studied patients who’d just had a colostomy (结肠造口术), which means their colons (结肠) were removed and they had to have bowel (肠) movements in a pouch (小袋) outside the body. At the time of the surgery, some patients were told the procedure was reversible and they’d have a second operation in a few months to reconnect their bowels. Other patients were told the colostomy was permanent.
? ? ?The patients were followed for six months, and the researchers found that those without hope of regaining normal bowel function were happier than those with reversible colostomies.
? ? ?"We think they were happier because they got on with their lives. They realized the cards they were dealt, and recognized that they had no choice but to play with those cards," Ubel said. "The other group was waiting for their colostomy to be reversed. They contrasted their current life with the life they hoped to lead, and didn’t make the best of their current situation. "
? ? ?The study, published in the November edition of Health Psychology, also may explain why people whose spouse (配偶) dies often recover better emotionally over time than those who get divorced, the researchers said.
? ? ?That’s because people whose husband or wife dies have closure (结束), while those who get divorced may still have hope for some chance of making up, they explained.
What could be the message of the passage?

A:Giving up hope means giving up happiness. B:Letting go of hope is at times a better choice. C:Hope is what makes people move on. D:Hope frequently gets in the way of happiness.

hope［］

hope［］

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