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Text 1
The American economy, whether in government or private industry, has found retirement a convenient practice for managing the labor force. On the positive side, widespread retirement has meant an expansion of leisure and opportunities for self-fulfillment in later life. On the negative side, the practice of retirement entails large costs, both in funding required from pension systems and in the loss of the accumulated skills and talents of older people.
Critics of retirement as it exists today have pointed to the rigidity of retirement practices: for example, the fact that retirement is typically an all-or-nothing proposition. Would it not be better to have some form of flexible or phased retirement, in which employees gradually reduce their work hours or take longer vacations Such an approach might enable older workers to adjust better to retirement, while permitting employers to make gradual changes instead of coping with the abrupt departure of an employee. Retirement could be radically redefined in the future.
Earlier criticism of retirement at a fixed age led to legal abolition of the practice, for the most part, in 1996. The Age Discrimination in Employment Act forbids older workers from being limited or treated in any way that would harm their employment possibilities. Still, most observers admit that age discrimination in the workplace remains widespread. Sometimes such discrimination against older workers is based on mistaken ideas, such as the false belief that older workers are less productive.
In fact, empirical studies have not shown older workers to be less dependable in their job performance, nor are their absenteeism rates higher.
There is also much support for the idea of work life extension; that is, adaptations of retirement rules or employment practices to enable older people to become more productive. In favor of this idea is the fact that three-quarters of employed people over 65 are in white-collar occupations in service industries, which are less physically demanding than agriculture or manufacturing jobs. As a result, it is sometimes argued, older people can remain in productive jobs now longer than in the past. In addition, some analysts point to declining numbers of young people entering the workforce, thus anticipating a labor shortage later. That development, if it occurred, might stimulate a need for older workers and a reversal of the trend toward early retirement.
A:Because it is believed that to manage an older workforce is challenging. B:Because retirement expands opportunities for self-fulfillment in later life. C:Because older workers can adjust to retirement soon. D:Because it is supported by both government and private industry.
Contrary to the impression that grandmothers are delighted to help their grown daughters and care for their grandchildren, a study of multigenerational families indicates that many older women resent the frequent impositions of the younger generations on their home and energy.
"Young women with children are under a lot of pressure these days, and they expect their mothers to help them pick up the pieces," noted Dr. Bertram J. Cohler, a behavioral scientist at the University of Chicago. "This is often the strongest source of resentment on the part of Grandmother, who has finished with child caring and now has her own life to live. Grandmothers like to see their children and grandchildren, but on their own time."
In all the four New England families studied, the older women resented the numerous phone calls and visits from their grown daughter, who often turned to their mothers for advice, physical resources, affection, and companionship as well as baby sitting services. "American society keeps piling on the burdens for older people, particularly those in their 50s and 60s," Dr. Cohler said in an interview here. "They’re still working and they’re taking care of their grown children and maybe also their aged parents. Sometimes life gets to be too much. That’s one reason many older folks move far away, to Florida or Arizona. They need more space and time to attend to their own affair and friends. Young people don’t understand this, and that’s part of what create tension between generations."
He has found that, contrary to what the younger generations may have thought, older people have an enormous amount to do. "More than half of working-class grandmothers still work, and if they’ re retired they have activities in the community that keep them occupied," he said. "Each generation has got to appreciate the unique needs of the other," Dr. Cohler went on. "The younger generation has to realize that grandparents have busy, active lives and that they need privacy and more space for themselves. And the older generation has to realize that continuing to be part of the family is important to the younger generation and that they need help and support."
He noted that problems with interdependence between generations were likely to be more intense in working-class families than in middle and upper-class families. He explained that the working class tended to be geographically less mobile and to have fewer outside resources and that daughters were more likely to be reared with a strong family orientation and less emphasis on establishing an independent life.
What can be inferred from the sentence "Sometimes life gets to be too much" (Sentence 4, Paragraph 3)
A:Older people enjoy their life very much. B:To older people, sometimes life becomes very difficult. C:There are so many things to do that the grandparents can’ t decide. D:To older people, sometimes life is rewardin
Contrary to the impression that grandmothers are delighted to help their grown daughters and care for their grandchildren, a study of multigenerational families indicates that many older women resent the frequent impositions of the younger generations on their home and energy.
"Young women with children are under a lot of pressure these days, and they expect their mothers to help them pick up the pieces," noted Dr. Bertram J. Cohler, a behavioral scientist at the University of Chicago. "This is often the strongest source of resentment on the part of Grandmother, who has finished with child caring and now has her own life to live. Grandmothers like to see their children and grandchildren, but on their own time."
In all the four New England families studied, the older women resented the numerous phone calls and visits from their grown daughter, who often turned to their mothers for advice, physical resources, affection, and companionship as well as baby sitting services. "American society keeps piling on the burdens for older people, particularly those in their 50s and 60s," Dr. Cohler said in an interview here. "They’re still working and they’re taking care of their grown children and maybe also their aged parents. Sometimes life gets to be too much. That’s one reason many older folks move far away, to Florida or Arizona. They need more space and time to attend to their own affair and friends. Young people don’t understand this, and that’s part of what create tension between generations."
He has found that, contrary to what the younger generations may have thought, older people have an enormous amount to do. "More than half of working-class grandmothers still work, and if they’ re retired they have activities in the community that keep them occupied," he said. "Each generation has got to appreciate the unique needs of the other," Dr. Cohler went on. "The younger generation has to realize that grandparents have busy, active lives and that they need privacy and more space for themselves. And the older generation has to realize that continuing to be part of the family is important to the younger generation and that they need help and support."
He noted that problems with interdependence between generations were likely to be more intense in working-class families than in middle and upper-class families. He explained that the working class tended to be geographically less mobile and to have fewer outside resources and that daughters were more likely to be reared with a strong family orientation and less emphasis on establishing an independent life.
A:Older people enjoy their life very much. B:To older people, sometimes life becomes very difficult. C:There are so many things to do that the grandparents can’ t decide. D:To older people, sometimes life is rewarding.
Contrary to the impression that grandmothers are delighted to help their grown daughters and care for their grandchildren, a study of multigenerational families indicates that many older women resent the frequent impositions of the younger generations on their home and energy.
"Young women with children are under a lot of pressure these days, and they expect their mothers to help them pick up the pieces," noted Dr. Bertram J. Cohler, a behavioral scientist at the University of Chicago. "This is often the strongest source of resentment on the part of Grandmother, who has finished with child caring and now has her own life to live. Grandmothers like to see their children and grandchildren, but on their own time."
In all the four New England families studied, the older women resented the numerous phone calls and visits from their grown daughter, who often turned to their mothers for advice, physical resources, affection, and companionship as well as baby sitting services. "American society keeps piling on the burdens for older people, particularly those in their 50s and 60s," Dr. Cohler said in an interview here. "They’re still working and they’re taking care of their grown children and maybe also their aged parents. Sometimes life gets to be too much. That’s one reason many older folks move far away, to Florida or Arizona. They need more space and time to attend to their own affair and friends. Young people don’t understand this, and that’s part of what create tension between generations."
He has found that, contrary to what the younger generations may have thought, older people have an enormous amount to do. "More than half of working-class grandmothers still work, and if they’ re retired they have activities in the community that keep them occupied," he said. "Each generation has got to appreciate the unique needs of the other," Dr. Cohler went on. "The younger generation has to realize that grandparents have busy, active lives and that they need privacy and more space for themselves. And the older generation has to realize that continuing to be part of the family is important to the younger generation and that they need help and support."
He noted that problems with interdependence between generations were likely to be more intense in working-class families than in middle and upper-class families. He explained that the working class tended to be geographically less mobile and to have fewer outside resources and that daughters were more likely to be reared with a strong family orientation and less emphasis on establishing an independent life.
What can be inferred from the sentence "Sometimes life gets to be too much" (Sentence 4, Paragraph 3)
A:Older people enjoy their life very much. B:To older people, sometimes life becomes very difficult. C:There are so many things to do that the grandparents can’ t decide. D:To older people, sometimes life is rewarding.
My （ ） brother two years older than I is a computer illiterate (电脑盲).
A:elder B:older C:younger D:old
Yellow Stone National Park is (one) of the (older) parks in the U.S. It (was established) by (Congress) in 1872.
A:one B:older C:was established D:Congress
My ______ brother two years older than I is a computer illiterate (电脑盲).
A:elder B:older C:younger D:old
第三篇
Many Older Doctors Plan to Phase out Their Practice
The results of a new survey indicate that 48 percent of physicians between 50 and 65 years of age are planning to reduce or end their clinical practice in the next 1 to 3 years. The findings also suggest that many older physicians believe that their younger counterparts do not have the work ethic they do.
The survey, which was conducted by Merritt Hawkins & Associates, a Texas-based physician search and consulting firm, suggests that many older physicians are simply unhappy with the changes that have taken place in medicine over the years.
"When Baby Boom doctors entered medicine they had control over how they practiced and the fee they charged But the rules changed on them in mid-stream and now many are looking for a ticket out," Mark Smith, executive vice president of Merritt Hawkins & Associates, said in a statement.
"Our study is the only one I am aware of that examines the career plans of physicians in the 50-to-65 age group." This age group represents more than one-third of all physicians in the U. S. If they stop working in the coming years, it will have a "significant impact" on the overall supply of physicians, Smith told Reuters Health.
The results of the survey, which included 1,170 respondents (调查对象), show that 24 percent of older physicians are planning to leave clinical practice all together in the next 1 to 3 years. Specifically, 14 percent said they were planning on retiring, 7 percent said they were looking for a medical job in a non-patient care setting, and 3 percent said they were seeking a job in a non-medical field.
For those physicians not leaving clinical practice, many said they would make changes to reduce the number of patients they treat. For instance, 12 percent said they would begin working part-time, 8 percent said they planned to stop taking new patients or markedly reduce their patient load, and 4 percent expressed a desire to work on a temporary basis.
When asked about the work ethic of physicians entering practice today, 68 percent of the respondents said that these younger doctors are not as dedicated or as hard working as physicians who entered practice 20 to 30 years ago.
Fifty-seven percent of older physicians said they would not recommend medicine as a career to their own children. Similarly, 44 percent said they would not select medicine as a career if they were starting out today.
"The most ominous (不祥的) finding is that about one half of physicians surveyed plan to either abandon patient care in the next 1 to 3 years, or significantly reduce the number of patients they see," Smith said "The U. S. already is facing a widespread shortage of physicians. Should older, ’workhorse’ physicians choose to opt out of patient care, access to medical services will be further restricted."
A:the living conditions of older physicians in the U.S. B:the career plans of older physicians in the U.S. C:the retirement plans of older physicians in the U.S. D:the achievements of older physicians in the U.S.
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