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? ?1. ? ?AIDS is the final, life-threatening stage of infection with human immuno-deficiency virus(HIV). AIDS stands for acquired immuno-deficiency syndrome. The name refers to the fact that HIV severely damages the patient’s disease-fighting immune system. Cases of AIDS were first identified in 1981 in the United States, but researchers have traced cases to as early as 1969. Millions of AIDS cases have been diagnosed worldwide.
? ?2. ? ?AIDS is caused by two viruses that belong to a group called retroviruses. The first AIDS virus was isolated by researchers in France in 1983 and researchers in the United States in 1984. This virus became known as HIV-1. in 1985, scientists in France identified another closely related virus that also produces AIDS. This virus, named HIV-2, occurs mainly in Africa. HIV-1 occurs throughout the world.
? ?3. ? ? People infected with HIV eventually develop symptoms that also may be caused by other, less serious conditions. With HIV infection, however, these symptoms are prolonged and often more severe. They include enlarged lymph glands, tiredness, fever, loss of appetite and weight, diarrhea, yeast infections of the mouth and vagina, and night sweats.
? ?4. ? ? An HIV-infected person may develop AIDS from 2 to 15 or more years after becoming infected. In children born with HIV infection, this interval is usually shorter. A few people who have been infected with HIV for more than 15 years have not developed any symptoms or suffer only minor symptoms. An infected person can transmit the virus to another person whether or not symptoms are present. Infection with HIV appears to be lifelong in all who become infected.
? ?5. ? ? Researchers have identified three ways in which HIV is transmitted: sexual intercourse, direct contact with infected blood, and transmission from an infected woman to her fetus or baby. The most common way of becoming infected is through intimate sexual contact with an HIV-infected person. In the United States, sexual transmission of HIV has occurred mainly among homosexual men, but it is becoming more frequent among heterosexual men and women.
? ?6. ? ? People who inject drugs into their bodies can be exposed to infected blood by sharing hypodermic needles, syringes, or equipment used to prepare drugs for injection. Health-care workers can become infected with HIV by coming into direct contact with ?infected blood. This may occur through injury with a needle or other sharp instrument used in treating an HIV-infected patient. A few patients have become infected while receiving treatment from an HIV-infected dentist.
? ?7. ? ? An infected pregnant woman can transmit the AIDS virus to her fetus even if she has no symptoms. Transmission may also occur from an HIV-infected mother to her baby through breast-feeding.
? ?8. ? ? Studies indicate that HIV is not transmitted through air, food, or water, or by insects. No known cases of AIDS have resulted from sharing eating utensils, bathrooms, locker rooms, living space, or classrooms.
People with HIV infection usually develop AIDS______.


? ?1. ? ?AIDS is the final, life-threatening stage of infection with human immuno-deficiency virus(HIV). AIDS stands for acquired immuno-deficiency syndrome. The name refers to the fact that HIV severely damages the patient’s disease-fighting immune system. Cases of AIDS were first identified in 1981 in the United States, but researchers have traced cases to as early as 1969. Millions of AIDS cases have been diagnosed worldwide.
? ?2. ? ?AIDS is caused by two viruses that belong to a group called retroviruses. The first AIDS virus was isolated by researchers in France in 1983 and researchers in the United States in 1984. This virus became known as HIV-1. in 1985, scientists in France identified another closely related virus that also produces AIDS. This virus, named HIV-2, occurs mainly in Africa. HIV-1 occurs throughout the world.
? ?3. ? ? People infected with HIV eventually develop symptoms that also may be caused by other, less serious conditions. With HIV infection, however, these symptoms are prolonged and often more severe. They include enlarged lymph glands, tiredness, fever, loss of appetite and weight, diarrhea, yeast infections of the mouth and vagina, and night sweats.
? ?4. ? ? An HIV-infected person may develop AIDS from 2 to 15 or more years after becoming infected. In children born with HIV infection, this interval is usually shorter. A few people who have been infected with HIV for more than 15 years have not developed any symptoms or suffer only minor symptoms. An infected person can transmit the virus to another person whether or not symptoms are present. Infection with HIV appears to be lifelong in all who become infected.
? ?5. ? ? Researchers have identified three ways in which HIV is transmitted: sexual intercourse, direct contact with infected blood, and transmission from an infected woman to her fetus or baby. The most common way of becoming infected is through intimate sexual contact with an HIV-infected person. In the United States, sexual transmission of HIV has occurred mainly among homosexual men, but it is becoming more frequent among heterosexual men and women.
? ?6. ? ? People who inject drugs into their bodies can be exposed to infected blood by sharing hypodermic needles, syringes, or equipment used to prepare drugs for injection. Health-care workers can become infected with HIV by coming into direct contact with ?infected blood. This may occur through injury with a needle or other sharp instrument used in treating an HIV-infected patient. A few patients have become infected while receiving treatment from an HIV-infected dentist.
? ?7. ? ? An infected pregnant woman can transmit the AIDS virus to her fetus even if she has no symptoms. Transmission may also occur from an HIV-infected mother to her baby through breast-feeding.
? ?8. ? ? Studies indicate that HIV is not transmitted through air, food, or water, or by insects. No known cases of AIDS have resulted from sharing eating utensils, bathrooms, locker rooms, living space, or classrooms.
HIV is transmitted in three ways: sexual intercourse, transmission from an infected woman to her fetus or baby and______.


? ?1. ? ?AIDS is the final, life-threatening stage of infection with human immuno-deficiency virus(HIV). AIDS stands for acquired immuno-deficiency syndrome. The name refers to the fact that HIV severely damages the patient’s disease-fighting immune system. Cases of AIDS were first identified in 1981 in the United States, but researchers have traced cases to as early as 1969. Millions of AIDS cases have been diagnosed worldwide.
? ?2. ? ?AIDS is caused by two viruses that belong to a group called retroviruses. The first AIDS virus was isolated by researchers in France in 1983 and researchers in the United States in 1984. This virus became known as HIV-1. in 1985, scientists in France identified another closely related virus that also produces AIDS. This virus, named HIV-2, occurs mainly in Africa. HIV-1 occurs throughout the world.
? ?3. ? ? People infected with HIV eventually develop symptoms that also may be caused by other, less serious conditions. With HIV infection, however, these symptoms are prolonged and often more severe. They include enlarged lymph glands, tiredness, fever, loss of appetite and weight, diarrhea, yeast infections of the mouth and vagina, and night sweats.
? ?4. ? ? An HIV-infected person may develop AIDS from 2 to 15 or more years after becoming infected. In children born with HIV infection, this interval is usually shorter. A few people who have been infected with HIV for more than 15 years have not developed any symptoms or suffer only minor symptoms. An infected person can transmit the virus to another person whether or not symptoms are present. Infection with HIV appears to be lifelong in all who become infected.
? ?5. ? ? Researchers have identified three ways in which HIV is transmitted: sexual intercourse, direct contact with infected blood, and transmission from an infected woman to her fetus or baby. The most common way of becoming infected is through intimate sexual contact with an HIV-infected person. In the United States, sexual transmission of HIV has occurred mainly among homosexual men, but it is becoming more frequent among heterosexual men and women.
? ?6. ? ? People who inject drugs into their bodies can be exposed to infected blood by sharing hypodermic needles, syringes, or equipment used to prepare drugs for injection. Health-care workers can become infected with HIV by coming into direct contact with ?infected blood. This may occur through injury with a needle or other sharp instrument used in treating an HIV-infected patient. A few patients have become infected while receiving treatment from an HIV-infected dentist.
? ?7. ? ? An infected pregnant woman can transmit the AIDS virus to her fetus even if she has no symptoms. Transmission may also occur from an HIV-infected mother to her baby through breast-feeding.
? ?8. ? ? Studies indicate that HIV is not transmitted through air, food, or water, or by insects. No known cases of AIDS have resulted from sharing eating utensils, bathrooms, locker rooms, living space, or classrooms.
An HIV-infected mother may transmit the AIDS virus to her fetus through______.


{{B}}第一篇{{/B}}

? ? ?I had been working in the trauma unit at a local hospital for about a year. You get used to families thinking that a "coma" patient is moving their hand or doing something that they were asked to do. "Following commands" is what we call it. Often it’s "wishful thinking" on the families’ part. Nurses can easily become callous to it.
? ? ?On this particular night during visiting hours, my patient’s wife came in. I had taken care of him for severam nights. I was very familiar with his care and what he was able to do. Actually, he didn’t do anything. He barely moved at all, even when something would obviously hurt him, such as suctioning.
? ? ?His wife was very short, about 5 feet tall. She had to stand on a stool to lean over him, so that she could see his face and talk to him. She climbed up on the stool. I spoke to her for a few minutes, and then stepped out to tend to my other patient. A few minutes later, she came running out of the room. In an excited voice, she said, "Donna, he’s moving his hand!"
? ? ?I immediately thought that it was probably her imagination, and that he had not actually done it on purpose. He had been there about a month at the time and had never made any movements on purpose. I asked her what had happened and she said, "I asked him to squeeze my hand and he did !"
? ? ?This led me to another train of questioning. "But, did he let go when you asked him to?" She said yes, that he had done exactly what she asked.
? ? ?I went into the room with her, not really believing that I would see anything different than I had always seen. But I decided that it would be better to pacify her than to make her think I didn’t believe her or that she was somehow mistaken.
? ? ?She asked him to squeeze her hand, which he did. I said, "Well, ask him to let go." He continued to squeeze for a moment, so that when he finally did let go, I really still didn’t believe that he had done it on Purpose. So, I said, "Ask him to hold up one finger." He did as asked.
? ? ?Well, hmm, this was starting to get my attention. I looked at him, his face still somewhat swollen and his eyes still closed. "Stick out your tongue!" I said. He did it. I almost fell on the floor. It was the first time I had ever seen anyone "wake up. "
The first paragraph indicates that more often than not a coma patient ______.

A:is found to be following commands B:is thought to be following commands C:is used to following commands D:is callous to nurses’ commands


{{B}}第一篇{{/B}}

? ? ?I had been working in the trauma unit at a local hospital for about a year. You get used to families thinking that a "coma" patient is moving their hand or doing something that they were asked to do. "Following commands" is what we call it. Often it’s "wishful thinking" on the families’ part. Nurses can easily become callous to it.
? ? ?On this particular night during visiting hours, my patient’s wife came in. I had taken care of him for severam nights. I was very familiar with his care and what he was able to do. Actually, he didn’t do anything. He barely moved at all, even when something would obviously hurt him, such as suctioning.
? ? ?His wife was very short, about 5 feet tall. She had to stand on a stool to lean over him, so that she could see his face and talk to him. She climbed up on the stool. I spoke to her for a few minutes, and then stepped out to tend to my other patient. A few minutes later, she came running out of the room. In an excited voice, she said, "Donna, he’s moving his hand!"
? ? ?I immediately thought that it was probably her imagination, and that he had not actually done it on purpose. He had been there about a month at the time and had never made any movements on purpose. I asked her what had happened and she said, "I asked him to squeeze my hand and he did !"
? ? ?This led me to another train of questioning. "But, did he let go when you asked him to?" She said yes, that he had done exactly what she asked.
? ? ?I went into the room with her, not really believing that I would see anything different than I had always seen. But I decided that it would be better to pacify her than to make her think I didn’t believe her or that she was somehow mistaken.
? ? ?She asked him to squeeze her hand, which he did. I said, "Well, ask him to let go." He continued to squeeze for a moment, so that when he finally did let go, I really still didn’t believe that he had done it on Purpose. So, I said, "Ask him to hold up one finger." He did as asked.
? ? ?Well, hmm, this was starting to get my attention. I looked at him, his face still somewhat swollen and his eyes still closed. "Stick out your tongue!" I said. He did it. I almost fell on the floor. It was the first time I had ever seen anyone "wake up. "
What was the condition of the patient before that particular night?

A:He talked only with his wife. B:He barely moved at all. C:He moved only when hurt. D:He was too lazy to do anything at all.


{{B}}第一篇{{/B}}

? ? ?I had been working in the trauma unit at a local hospital for about a year. You get used to families thinking that a "coma" patient is moving their hand or doing something that they were asked to do. "Following commands" is what we call it. Often it’s "wishful thinking" on the families’ part. Nurses can easily become callous to it.
? ? ?On this particular night during visiting hours, my patient’s wife came in. I had taken care of him for severam nights. I was very familiar with his care and what he was able to do. Actually, he didn’t do anything. He barely moved at all, even when something would obviously hurt him, such as suctioning.
? ? ?His wife was very short, about 5 feet tall. She had to stand on a stool to lean over him, so that she could see his face and talk to him. She climbed up on the stool. I spoke to her for a few minutes, and then stepped out to tend to my other patient. A few minutes later, she came running out of the room. In an excited voice, she said, "Donna, he’s moving his hand!"
? ? ?I immediately thought that it was probably her imagination, and that he had not actually done it on purpose. He had been there about a month at the time and had never made any movements on purpose. I asked her what had happened and she said, "I asked him to squeeze my hand and he did !"
? ? ?This led me to another train of questioning. "But, did he let go when you asked him to?" She said yes, that he had done exactly what she asked.
? ? ?I went into the room with her, not really believing that I would see anything different than I had always seen. But I decided that it would be better to pacify her than to make her think I didn’t believe her or that she was somehow mistaken.
? ? ?She asked him to squeeze her hand, which he did. I said, "Well, ask him to let go." He continued to squeeze for a moment, so that when he finally did let go, I really still didn’t believe that he had done it on Purpose. So, I said, "Ask him to hold up one finger." He did as asked.
? ? ?Well, hmm, this was starting to get my attention. I looked at him, his face still somewhat swollen and his eyes still closed. "Stick out your tongue!" I said. He did it. I almost fell on the floor. It was the first time I had ever seen anyone "wake up. "
How did the author feel upon first hearing what the excited wife said?

A:She was amused. B:She was doubtful. C:She was scared. D:She was shocked.


{{B}}第一篇{{/B}}

? ? ?I had been working in the trauma unit at a local hospital for about a year. You get used to families thinking that a "coma" patient is moving their hand or doing something that they were asked to do. "Following commands" is what we call it. Often it’s "wishful thinking" on the families’ part. Nurses can easily become callous to it.
? ? ?On this particular night during visiting hours, my patient’s wife came in. I had taken care of him for severam nights. I was very familiar with his care and what he was able to do. Actually, he didn’t do anything. He barely moved at all, even when something would obviously hurt him, such as suctioning.
? ? ?His wife was very short, about 5 feet tall. She had to stand on a stool to lean over him, so that she could see his face and talk to him. She climbed up on the stool. I spoke to her for a few minutes, and then stepped out to tend to my other patient. A few minutes later, she came running out of the room. In an excited voice, she said, "Donna, he’s moving his hand!"
? ? ?I immediately thought that it was probably her imagination, and that he had not actually done it on purpose. He had been there about a month at the time and had never made any movements on purpose. I asked her what had happened and she said, "I asked him to squeeze my hand and he did !"
? ? ?This led me to another train of questioning. "But, did he let go when you asked him to?" She said yes, that he had done exactly what she asked.
? ? ?I went into the room with her, not really believing that I would see anything different than I had always seen. But I decided that it would be better to pacify her than to make her think I didn’t believe her or that she was somehow mistaken.
? ? ?She asked him to squeeze her hand, which he did. I said, "Well, ask him to let go." He continued to squeeze for a moment, so that when he finally did let go, I really still didn’t believe that he had done it on Purpose. So, I said, "Ask him to hold up one finger." He did as asked.
? ? ?Well, hmm, this was starting to get my attention. I looked at him, his face still somewhat swollen and his eyes still closed. "Stick out your tongue!" I said. He did it. I almost fell on the floor. It was the first time I had ever seen anyone "wake up. "
What did the patient do on that particular night?

A:He squeezed and let go his wife’s hand. B:He held up one of his fingers. C:He stuck out his tongue. D:All of the above.


{{B}}第一篇{{/B}}

? ? ?I had been working in the trauma unit at a local hospital for about a year. You get used to families thinking that a "coma" patient is moving their hand or doing something that they were asked to do. "Following commands" is what we call it. Often it’s "wishful thinking" on the families’ part. Nurses can easily become callous to it.
? ? ?On this particular night during visiting hours, my patient’s wife came in. I had taken care of him for severam nights. I was very familiar with his care and what he was able to do. Actually, he didn’t do anything. He barely moved at all, even when something would obviously hurt him, such as suctioning.
? ? ?His wife was very short, about 5 feet tall. She had to stand on a stool to lean over him, so that she could see his face and talk to him. She climbed up on the stool. I spoke to her for a few minutes, and then stepped out to tend to my other patient. A few minutes later, she came running out of the room. In an excited voice, she said, "Donna, he’s moving his hand!"
? ? ?I immediately thought that it was probably her imagination, and that he had not actually done it on purpose. He had been there about a month at the time and had never made any movements on purpose. I asked her what had happened and she said, "I asked him to squeeze my hand and he did !"
? ? ?This led me to another train of questioning. "But, did he let go when you asked him to?" She said yes, that he had done exactly what she asked.
? ? ?I went into the room with her, not really believing that I would see anything different than I had always seen. But I decided that it would be better to pacify her than to make her think I didn’t believe her or that she was somehow mistaken.
? ? ?She asked him to squeeze her hand, which he did. I said, "Well, ask him to let go." He continued to squeeze for a moment, so that when he finally did let go, I really still didn’t believe that he had done it on Purpose. So, I said, "Ask him to hold up one finger." He did as asked.
? ? ?Well, hmm, this was starting to get my attention. I looked at him, his face still somewhat swollen and his eyes still closed. "Stick out your tongue!" I said. He did it. I almost fell on the floor. It was the first time I had ever seen anyone "wake up. "
The author "almost fell on the floor" because______.

A:she could hardly believe her eyes. B:she had been working too hard. C:she had been deceived. D:she had been tripped.

{{B}}第二篇{{/B}}

? ? ?We all age at different rates. Heredity clearly plays an important part. But recent research studies by gerontologists indicate that life-style may be equally significant in determining who will remain youthful.
? ? ?As a rule, single men and women have shorter lives than married men and women. Studies show that those who have been widowed, especially men, have a longer life expectancy if they remarry soon. Both men and women seem to have a greater resistance to disease and death when their marriage is undamaged. According to a 1960 study, women who have borne three children have the lowest mortality rates. Those who have borne four or more have the highest. Childless women and those with only one child generally don’t live as long as mother of two or three, according to University of Chicago sociologists Evenly M. Kitagawa and Philip M. Hauser.
? ? ?It’s impossible to say how much sleep is ideal. Some people thrive on five hours a night, others seem to require eight or nine. Scientists agree that consistency in sleeping pattern is more significant; it’s better to get six hours’ sleep every night than ten hours one night and three the next.
? ? ?While it’s true that very few people who enjoy a long life are fat, this does not mean that every pound you gain is going to shorten your life. In fact, an ongoing study in Framingham, Mass. , has showed that during at least 30 years of middle life, leanness was a higher factor for mortality than fatness! What is known is that weight extremes in either direction are definitely unhealthy. Weighing 20 percent more or less than you should weigh can, in certain cases, be a life shortener.
? ? ?The benefits of regular exercise are indisputable. Men engaged in energetic and persistent physical labor have fewer heart attacks. But many researchers believe that exercise need not be very strong to keep you in shape. The first principle of any life-extension program, then, is to enjoy every moment of the life you have—whether it lasts one more year or a hundred. As the philosopher Jean Jacques Rousseau put it: "Teach him to live rather than to avoid death. Life is not breath but action, the use of our senses, mind, faculties, every part of ourselves which makes us conscious of our being. "
Which of the following is not beneficial to the lengthening of life?

A:You should keep a good sleep habit. B:You should do physical exercise on a regular basis. C:You should try and remain neither too lean nor too fat. D:You should take part in a guided life-extension program.

{{B}}第二篇{{/B}}

? ? ?We all age at different rates. Heredity clearly plays an important part. But recent research studies by gerontologists indicate that life-style may be equally significant in determining who will remain youthful.
? ? ?As a rule, single men and women have shorter lives than married men and women. Studies show that those who have been widowed, especially men, have a longer life expectancy if they remarry soon. Both men and women seem to have a greater resistance to disease and death when their marriage is undamaged. According to a 1960 study, women who have borne three children have the lowest mortality rates. Those who have borne four or more have the highest. Childless women and those with only one child generally don’t live as long as mother of two or three, according to University of Chicago sociologists Evenly M. Kitagawa and Philip M. Hauser.
? ? ?It’s impossible to say how much sleep is ideal. Some people thrive on five hours a night, others seem to require eight or nine. Scientists agree that consistency in sleeping pattern is more significant; it’s better to get six hours’ sleep every night than ten hours one night and three the next.
? ? ?While it’s true that very few people who enjoy a long life are fat, this does not mean that every pound you gain is going to shorten your life. In fact, an ongoing study in Framingham, Mass. , has showed that during at least 30 years of middle life, leanness was a higher factor for mortality than fatness! What is known is that weight extremes in either direction are definitely unhealthy. Weighing 20 percent more or less than you should weigh can, in certain cases, be a life shortener.
? ? ?The benefits of regular exercise are indisputable. Men engaged in energetic and persistent physical labor have fewer heart attacks. But many researchers believe that exercise need not be very strong to keep you in shape. The first principle of any life-extension program, then, is to enjoy every moment of the life you have—whether it lasts one more year or a hundred. As the philosopher Jean Jacques Rousseau put it: "Teach him to live rather than to avoid death. Life is not breath but action, the use of our senses, mind, faculties, every part of ourselves which makes us conscious of our being. "
Which of the following is closest to the meaning of the philosopher Rousseau’s words?

A:Enjoying life is one of the best ways to lengthen it. B:Teaching others to live an active life. C:Avoiding death is more important than living. D:We should use our senses keenly.

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