Cooking Oil Fumes Cause Tumor

    The leading cause of lung cancer among women in the city was cooking oil fumes while men are more likely to develop the disease from smoking, said medical experts after a five-year research study

    Doctors announced the results yesterday with analysis on some new tendencies in lung cancer．They said patients are younger, especially women.

    According to the Shanghai Tumor research Institute, more local residents die of lung cancer in the city than anything else．Following breast cancer, it has the second-highest incidence rate.

    "An unhealthy lifestyle is a very important reason for lung cancer, "said Dr He Yumin from Shanghai Minshen Traditional Chinese Medicine Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment Center.

    He followed 2,276 lung cancer patients for five years．Among them,l,483 were male.

    Smoking causes 70 percent of cases among men while only l8 percent of female patients developed cancer from smoking or inhaling second-hand smoke, according to the report.

    However, more than 60 percent of women with the disease had long term, close contact with strong oil fumes from cooking and complained about¹ irritated eyes and throat.

    About 32 percent of women fried foods in boiling oil in unventilated kitchens and about 25 percent of women"s bedrooms were adjacent to² the kitchen.

    However, local women were surprised to learn cooking oil fumes could lead to cancer．Some claimed they may change food preparation methods.

    "Unless my family and I don"t eat at home every day, I must stay in the kitchen to cook, "said Xu Li, a 45-year-old local woman．"I know the fumes are bad for the skin, but it is the first time I heard that it can result in lung cancer．I have already started frying less."

    Doctors said women"s lung cancer had few links to personal health and physical condition, but was closely related to family cancer history, unhealthy dietary habits and weak immune systems.

    Other experts agreed with he^3.

    "Smoking is by far the biggest cause⁴ of lung cancer for men, "said Dr Tan Binyong, honorary president of the Respiratory Disease Institute at Fudan University"s Medical College．"It"s true that second-hand smoke and cooking  fumes are the main causes among women．"

    He"s research also warned people not to stand near of stalls selling⁵ fried foods due to the poor quality of oils used.

    The chance of catching lung cancer is three times higher if exposed to the fume for a long time, ⁶experts said．

词汇：

Fume/ fju:m/ n. 烟，气，汽

tumor(=tumour) / "tju:mə /n．肿瘤

cancer/ˈkænsə/n.癌瘤

breast/brest/n.乳房，胸

incidence/ˈɪnsɪdəns/n.发生(率)

diagnosis/ˌdaɪəgˈnəʊsɪs/n.诊断

inhale/ɪn"heɪl/v. 吸人

irritate/"ɪrɪteɪt/ vt.使疼痛，刺激

fry/fraɪ/v. 油炸，油煎

unventilated/"ventɪleɪt/vt.使不通风

adjacent/ əˈdʒeɪsnt/adj．临近的

dietary/"daɪətərɪ/adj.饮食的

immune/ɪˈmju:n/adj.吐免疫的

honorary/ˈɒnərəri/adj名誉上的；荣誉的

respiratory/rəˈspɪrətri/adj.呼吸的

stall/stɔ:l/n.货摊

注释：

1．complain原意是“抱怨，诉苦"，但医学上常用complain about或complain of表示“主诉”。

2．adjacent to：与……相毗邻，临近……(地方)

3．Other experts agreed with he．其他专家同意何医生的意见。agree with sb：同意某人的意见。agree with sth：同意什么东西。agree to do sth：同意做什么事情。

4．by far the biggest cause：最最大的原因。by far是用来做形容词最高级the biggest的状语，对形容词最高级起强调作用。本来形容词最高级就已经是最高了，可是说话的人还要对它再强调出来，所以就相当汉语的“最最……”的意思。

5...warned people not to stand near of stalls selling...：警告人们不要站在卖……的货摊附近。也可以说成"...  warned people off stalls selling..."。

6．...if exposed to the fume for a long time：...如果长时间接触这种烟的话。expose sb．to sth． 原意是“使...... (人)暴露于...... (物)”，但医学文献中常常用来表达“接触到……(物)"的意思。此处if引导的条件状语从句相当于“if one is exposed to the fume for a long time"。

Which of the following has relatively little connection with women"s lung cancer?

A:Family cancer history B:Unhealthy dietary habits C:Weak immune systems D:Personal health and physical condition

Warm People Likely to Keep Cold at Bay¹

    Staying positive² through the cold season could be your best defense against getting ill，new study findings suggest. In an experiment that.exposed healthy volunteers to a cold or flu virus³, researchers found that people with a generally sunny disposition⁴ were less likely to fall ill.

    The findings, published in the journal Psychosomatic Medicine, build on evidence that a "positive emotional style”⁵ can help ward off the common cold and other illnesses. Researchers believe the reasons may be both objective as in happiness boosting immune function and subjective as in happy people being less troubled by a scratchy throat⁶ or runny nose.

    "People with a positive emotional style may have different immune responses to the virus，，’ explained lead study author Dr Sheldon Cohen of Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh. “ And when they do get a cold, they may interpret their illness as being less severe. ”

    Cohen and his colleagues had found in a previous study that happier people seemed less Susceptible to⁷ catching a cold, but some questions remained as to⁸ whether the emotional trait itself had the effect.

    For the new study, the researchers had 193 healthy adults complete standard measures of personality traits, self-perceived health and emotional "style". Those who tended to be happy, energetic and easy-going were judged as having a positive emotional style, while those who were often unhappy，tense and hostile had a negative style.

    The researchers gave them nasal drops containing either a cold virus or a particular flu virus. Over the next six days，the volunteers reported on any aches，pains，sneezing or congestion they had, while the researchers collected objective data, like daily mucus production. Cohen and his colleagues found that based on objective measures of nasal woes, happy people were less likely to develop a cold.

词汇：

bay /bei/ n.绝境，穷途末路

flu /flu:/ (influenza 的简称）n.流（行性）感（冒）

 virus /"vaiarss/ n.病毒

disposition /jdisps"zijsn/ n.本性，性情

psychosomatic /jsaiksuso"maetik/ adj.心身的，身心的

boost /buist/ vt. 提高，举起

 scratchy /"skraetji/ adj.刺痛的，使人发痒的

runny /"rAni/ adj.流黏液的

Pittsburgh /"pitsbaig/ n.匹兹堡（美国城 市）

colleague /"kDliig/ n.同事

susceptible /so"septobl/ adj.易感的，敏感的

catch / kaetJ/ vt.感染到

trait /trei，treit/ n.特质；特性

perceive /po"siiv/ vt.发觉，觉察；理解

energetic /ensd3etik/ adj.精力充沛的，精神饱满的

easy-going /iizi"gsuig/ adj.随和的

tense /tens/ adj.紧张的

hostile /"hDstail/ adj.敌意的

nasal / 丨neizl/ adj.鼻的

ache /eik/ n.(长时间连续的）疼痛，酸痛

sneeze /sniiz/ vi.打喷噴

congestion /kon"dsestpn/ n.充血

mucus /"mjuikss/ n.點液

 woe /wou/ n.痛苦，苦恼；（复）灾难，苦头

注释：

1.Warm People Likely to Keep Cold at Bay:情绪乐观的人不易患感冒。warm people 原意是 “热心肠的人，情绪高昂的人” ,keep/hold.. at bay是“使……走投无路，不使……接近”的意 思，因此本题目如果直译则是“情绪高昂的人可能让感冒不能得逞”或“情绪高昂的人可能 远离感冒”或“情绪高昂的人可能拒感冒于千里之外”。

2.staying positive:保持积极向上（的情绪）

3.exposed healthy volunteers to a cold or flu virus:使健康的志愿者接触感冒（病毒）或流感病 毒。expose原意是“使暴露，使面临”，这里expose sb. to sth.是“使……接触……”的意思。

4.sunny disposition:乐观开朗的个性

5.positive emotional style:乐观情绪型，情绪积极型

6.scratchy throat ：嗓子痛

7.susceptible to:对……敏感的，容易受到……影响的

8.as to:关于，至于

Which of the following items is NOT included in the data that the researchers collected?

A:Mucus production B:Aches and pains C:Sneezing or congestion D:Blood test

Single-parent Kids Do Best

    Single mums are better at raising their kids than two parents 一 at least in the bird world. Mother zebra finches¹ have to work harder and raise fewer chicks on their own，but they also produce more attractive sons who are more likely to get a mate.

    The finding shows that family conflict is as important an evolutionary driving force as ecological factors² such as hunting and food supply. With two parents around, there"s always a conflict of interests³，which can have a detrimental effect on the quality of the offspring.

    In evolutionary terms⁴，the best strategy for any parent in the animal world is to find someone else to care for their offspring，so they can concentrate on breeding again. So it"s normal for parents to try to pass the buck⁵ to each other. But Ian Hartley from the UniversityofLancasterand his team wondered how families solve this conflict, and how the conflict itself affects the offspring.

    To find oiit⁶，they measured how much effort zebra finch parents put into raising their babies. They compared single females with pairs, by monitoring the amount of food each parent collected, and removing or adding chicks so that each pair of birds was raising four chicks，and each single mum had two — supposedly the same amount of work.

    But single mums, they found, put in about 25 per cent more effort than females rearing with their mate. To avoid being exploited, mothers with a partner hold back from working too hard if the father is being lazy, and it"s the chicks that pay the price. “The offspring suffer some of the cost of this conflict, ” says Hartley.

    The cost does not show in any obvious decrease in size or weight, but in how attractive they are to the opposite sex. When the chicks were mature, the researchers tested the ” fitness" of the male offspring by offering females their choice of partner. Those males reared by single mums were chosen more often than those from two-parent families.

    Sexual conflict has long been thought to affect the quality of care,given to offspring, says zoologist Rebecca Kilner atCambridgeUniversity, who works on conflict of parents in birds. ” But the experimental evidence is not great. The breakthrough here is showing it empirically. ”

    More surprising, says Kilner, is Hartley"s statement that conflict may be a strong influence on the evolution of behaviour, clutch size and even appearance. “People have not really made that link," says Hartley. A female"s reproductive strategy is usually thought to be affected by hunting and food supply. Kilner says conflict of parents should now be taken into account as well.

词汇：

evolutionary / ˌi:vəˈlu:ʃənri/adj.进化的

ecological / ˌi:kəˈlɒdʒɪkl/adj.生态的

detrimental / ˌdetrɪˈmentl/adj.有害的 

offspring/ "ɒfsprɪŋ/n. (单复数同形）儿女，子孙，后代.

experimental / ɪkˌsperɪˈmentl/adj.实验的， 根据实验的 

empirically / ɪm"pɪrɪklɪ/adv.以经验为根据地

clutch / klʌtʃ/n. 一次产的或孵的卵   

reproductive/ ˌri:prəˈdʌktɪv/adj. 生殖的

注释：

1.zebra finch:斑胸草雀，一种澳大利亚小鸟，它有黑白色条纹，而且是受欢迎的笼养鸟。

2.family conflict is as important an evolutionary driving force as ecological factors:家庭冲突是与 生态因素同样重要的进化推动力。

3.a conflict of interests：(双亲之间的）利益冲突

4.in evolutionary terms：从进化的角度讲。in. ?. terms, in terms of…：从……方面来讲；就……而言。例如：It has been a terrible year in terms of business.就生意而论，这是很糟糕的一年。

5.pass the buck (to)：推卸责任，把为难的事推给另！|人0 例如：Bus companies are just passing the buck by saying their drivers are responsible for delays.公交公司说司机应该对误点的事负责，这只是在推卸责任。

6.to find out：这是一个承上的短语,从逻辑上讲，它的宾语应该是:how families solve this conflict, and how the conflict itself affects the offspring。

According to the passage, in what way does family conflict affect the quality of the offspring?

A:The young males get less care B:The young females will decrease in weight C:The offspring will become lazy fathers or mothers in the future D:The offspring will not get mature easily

The Family

    The structure of a family takes different forms around the world and even in the same society. The family"s form changes as it adapts to changing social and economic influences. Until recently, the most common form in North America was the nuclear family，consisting of a married couple with their minor children. The nuclear family is an independent unit. It must be prepared to fend for itself. ¹ Individual family members strongly depend on one another. There is little help from outside the family in emergencies. Elderly relatives of a nuclear family are cared for only if it is possible for the family to do so. In North America，the elderly often do not live with the family ; they live in retirement communities and nursing homes. ²  

    There are many parallels between the nuclear family in industrial societies，such as North America，and of families in societies such as that of the Inuits，who live in harsh environments. The nuclear family structure is well adapted to a life of mobility. In harsh conditions，mobility allows the family to hunt for food. ³ For North Americans，the hunt for jobs and improved social status also requires mobility.

    The nuclear family was not always the North American standard. In a more agrarian time，the small nuclear family was usually part of a larger extended family. This might have included grandparents，mother and father，brothers and sisters，uncles，aunts，and cousins. In North America today，there is a dramatic rise in the number of single-parent households. Twice as many households in the United States are headed by divorced，separated，or never-married individuals as are comprised of nuclear families. The structure of the family，not just in North America, but throughout the world，continues to change as it adapts to changing conditions.

词汇:

nuclear [ˈnju:kliə(r)] adj. 原子核的，中心的

harsh [hɑ:ʃ] n. 严酷的

emergency [ɪ"mɜ:dʒənsɪ] n. 紧急状况

agrarian [əˈgreəriən] adj. 土地的，耕地的

注释:

1. lt must be prepared to fend for itself. 它必须能够照料自己。

2. In North America，the elderly often do not live with the family; they live in retirement communities and nursing homes. 在北美洲，老人很少和家人一起生活;他们一般住在退休社

区和养老机构。

A nuclear family is defined as_____.

A:a married couple with their minor children B:a single father with，minor children C:parents，grandparents，and children D:parents，children，and aunts and uncles

Defending the Theory of Evolution ¹ Still Seems Needed