Fruit and Vegetable Juices as Beneficial to Health as Fruits and Veggies¹

    A European study has revealed that 100 percent fruit and vegetable juices are as effective as their whole fruit/vegetable counterparts in reducing risk factors related to certain diseases. The conclusion is the result of the study designed to question traditional thinking that 100 percent juices play a less significant role in reducing risk for both cancer and cardiovascular disease than whole fruits and vegetables.

    Juices are comparable in their ability to reduce risk compared to² their whole fruit/ vegetable counterparts, according to several researchers in the United Kingdomwho conducted the literature review. The researchers analyzed a variety of studies that looked at risk reduction attributed to³ the effects of both fiber and antioxidants. As a result, they determined that the positive impact fruits and vegetables offer come not from just the fiber but also from antioxidants which are present in both juice and the whole fruits and vegetables.⁴

    “When considering cancer and coronary heart diseases⁵ prevention, there is no evidence that pure fruit and vegetable juice sare less beneficial than whole fruit and vegetables,” the researchers said. The researchers added that the positioning of juices as being nutritionally inferior to⁶ whole fruits and vegetables in relationship to chronic disease development is “unjustified” and that policies, which suggest otherwise about fruit and vegetable juices, should be re-examined.

    The researchers who authored the paper suggest that more studies in certain area are needed to bolster their findings. “Although this independent review of the literature is not designed to focus on any particular 100 percent juice, it does go a long way⁷ in demonstrating that fruit and vegetable juices do play an important role in reducing the risk of various diseases, especially cancer and cardiovascular disease," said Sue Taylor. Her opinion is in agreement withs⁸ the Juice Products Association⁹ , a non-profit organization not associated with this research. She added that appropriate amounts of juices should be included in the diet of both children and adults, following guidelines established by leading health authorities.Tayloralso points to a large epidemiological study, published in the September 2006 issue of the Journal of Medicine, which found that consumption of a variety of 100 percent fruit and vegetable juices was associated with a reduced risk for Alzheimer’s disease¹⁰.

    In fact, that study found that individuals who drank three or more servings of fruit and vegetable juices per week had a 76 percent lower risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease than those who drank juice less than once per week. The study was published in the International Journal of Food Science and Nutrition TM¹¹ (2006).

词汇：

counterpart/ ˈkaʊntəpɑ:t/n. 对应的人或物
cardiovascular / ˌkɑ:diəʊˈvæskjələ(r)/adj.心脏血管的
comparable / ˈkɒmpərəbl/adj. 可与……相比的，比得上……的
fiber/ "faɪbə(r)/ (=fibre)n.纤维
antioxidant/ ˌæntɪ"ɒksɪdənt/ (=antioxygen)n.抗氧化剂
coronary / "kɒrənrɪ/adj.冠状的
position / pəˈzɪʃn/n.位置，安排，安置;定位
nutritionally/ njʊ"trɪʃənəlɪ/adv. 营养上
inferior / ɪnˈfɪəriə(r)/adj.低等的，劣等的;次的
bolster / "bəʊlstə(r)/vt.支持，支撑
non-profit/nɒn’prɒfɪt/adj. 不营利的，非营利性的
epidemiologic/’epɪ,di:mɪə’lɒdʒɪk /adj. 流行病学的
serving /ˈsʒ:viŋ /n.一份饭菜

注释：

1.veggle(=veggy/’vedʒɪ) ：蔬菜（=vegetable）。也可指“素食者”（=vegetarian）。英国的俚语 veg(/vedʒ/)(单复数相同)也指“蔬菜”。
2.Compared to：如果与……比较起来的话。这是一个过去分词短语，作条件状语。另外，美国英语中compare to也有compare with的意思。
3.attributed to：被认为是……的结果。此过去分词短语是risk reduction的定语。attribute sth.to…：把……归因于……，认为……是……的结果。
4.As a result，they determined that the positive impact fruits and vegetables offer come not from just the fiber but also from antioxidants which are present in both juice and the whole fruits and vegetables.他们断定，水果和蔬菜所起的积极作用不仅来自纤维，而且也来自抗氧化剂，而无论水果还是蔬菜，其全果和汁液都含有这两种物质。这里要注意的是在语法结构上，fruits and vegetables offer是positive impact的定语从句，省略了关系代词 that。
5.coronary heart disease(CHD)：冠状动脉性心脏病(冠心病)。但要注意，CHD也可指先天性心脏病(congenital heart disease)。
6.inferior to：低于……的，次于……的，不如……的
7.it does go a long way：它的确对……有很大帮助。go a long/good way：大有帮助，很有效。此处does是起强调作用的助动词，接下来的do play an important role中的do也是这样。
8.in agreement with：与……一致
9.Julce Products Association：果汁产品协会
10.Alzheimer’s(/raelt shaimaz/)disease(据德国医生Alois Alzheimer的姓命名)：阿尔茨海默病，早老性痴呆
11.International Journal of Food Science and Nutrition：《国际食品科学与营养杂志》

The judgment that fruit and vegetable juices are lels beneficial to reducing chronic disease development is______.

A:evident B:obvious C:incorrect D:conclusive

Kidney Disease and Heart Disease Spur Each Other

    Hearts and kidneys： If one"s diseased, better keep a close eye on¹ the other. Surprising new research shows kidney disease somehow speeds up heart disease well before it has ravaged the kidneys. And perhaps not so surprising, doctors have finally proven that heart disease can trigger kidney destruction, too.

    The work，from two studies involving over 50,000 patients, promises to boost efforts to diagnose simmering kidney disease earlier. All it takes are urine and blood tests that cost less than $25, something proponents want to become as routine as cholesterol checks.²"The average patient knows their cholesterol，’ says Dr. Peter McCuilough, preventive medicine chief at Michigan"sWilliamBeaumontHospital. "The average patient has no idea of³ their kidney function. ”

    Chronic kidney disease，or CKD，is a quiet epidemic ： Many of the 19 million Americans estimated to have it don"t know they do. The kidneys lose their ability to filter waste out of the bloodstream so slowly that symptoms aren"t obvious until the organs are very damaged.⁴ End-stage kidney failure is rising fast, with 400,000 people requiring dialysis or a transplant to survive, a toll that has doubled in each of the last two decades.⁵

    And while CKD patients often are terrified of having to go on dialysis，the hard truth is that most will die of heart disease before their kidneys disintegrate to that point, something kidney specialists have recognized for several years but isn"t widely known.⁶ Indeed, the new research is highlighted in this month"s Archives of Internal Medicine with a call for doctors who care for heart patients to start rigorously checking out the kidneys，and for better care of early kidney disease.⁷

    The link sounds logical. After all⁸，high blood pressure and diabetes are chief risk factors for both chronic kidney disease and heart attacks. But the link goes beyond⁹ those risk factors，stresses McCuilough：Once the kidneys begin to fail, something in turn¹⁰ accelerates heart disease, not just in the obviously sick or very old, but at what he calls "a shockingly early age. ” McCuilough and colleagues tracked more than 37,000 relatively young people 一 average age 53 — who volunteered for a kidney screening. Three markers of kidney function were checked ： The rate at which kidneys filter blood, called the GFR or glomerular filtration rate¹¹；levels of the protein albumin in the urine； and if they were anemic. They also were asked about previously diagnosed heart disease.

    The odds of having heart disease rose steadily as each of the kidney markers worsened. More striking was the death data. At this age，few deaths are expected，and indeed just 191 people died during the study period. But those who had both CKD and known heart disease had a threefold increased risk of death in a mere 2½ years, mostly from heart problems. "This study is very much a wake-up call," McCullough says.

 

词汇：

kidney 肾 spur 刺激 ravage .蹂躏；破坏；毁掉

trigger 激发，引起 destruction .破坏；毁灭

simmer(用小火）慢慢地煮(炖）；（感情等）即将爆发

proponent 提议者；支持者 cholesterol 胆固醇

epidemic.流行"性的；n.流行病；（流行病）流行

filter过滤，滤过,滤清 bloodstream .血、流

dialysis 透析 transplant移植；n.移植；移植物

toll 代价;损失；（事故等）伤亡人数

terrify .吓倒，吓坏 disintegrate 瓦解；蜕变

highlight 使突出，使注意 archive (常用复数）档案；档案室

rigorously 严格地 diabetes 糖尿病，多尿症

shockingly 极度地，极端地 marker标示物

albumin .清蛋白，白蛋白 anemic贫血的 odds(单复数同形）可能性，机会　　

kidney / ˈkɪdni / n.  肾

spur  /spɜ:n/ vt. 刺激

ravage  /"rævɪdʒ / vt.  .蹂躏；破坏；毁掉

trigger / ˈtrɪgə(r)/ n.   激发，引起

destruction / dɪ"strʌkʃn)/ n.破坏；毁灭

simmer(用小火）  /"sɪmə(r)/ vt. 慢慢地煮(炖）；（感情等）即将爆发

proponent / prəˈpəʊnənt / n. 提议者；支持者

cholesterol / kəˈlestərɒl / n. 胆固醇

epidemi / ˌepɪ"demɪk/ adj.流行"性的；n.流行病；（流行病）流行

filter  /ˈfɪltə(r)/ vi.过滤，滤过,滤清

bloodstream /ˈblʌdstri:m/ n.血、流

dialysis /ˌdaɪˈæləsɪs/ n.透析

transplant / trænsˈplɑ:nt/ vt.  移植；n.移植；移植物

toll /təʊl/ n. 代价;损失；（事故等）伤亡人数

terrify / ˈterɪfaɪ/ vt.吓倒，吓坏

disintegrate / dɪs"ɪntɪɡreɪt/ vt. 瓦解；蜕变

highlight / ˈhaɪlaɪt/ vt. 使突出，使注意

archive /"ɑ:kaɪv/ n. (常用复数）档案；档案室

rigorously  /"rɪɡərəslɪ/ adv. 严格地

diabetes /ˌdaɪəˈbi:ti:z/ n. 糖尿病，多尿症

shockingly /"ʃɒkɪŋlɪ/ adv. 极度地，极端地

marker/ˈmɑ:kə(r)/ n.标示物

albumin /æl"bju:mɪn/ n.清蛋白，白蛋白

anemic /ə"ni:mɪk/ adj.贫血的

odds /ɒdz/ n. (单复数同形）可能性，机会

 

注释：

1.keep a close eye on:密切地关注

2. All it takes are urine and blood tests that cost less than $25，something proponents want to become as routine as cholesterol checks.这种对缓慢形成的肾病的早期诊断所采取的全部措 施就是尿检和血检，其费用不足25美元，提出这项建议的人希望它能像胆固醇检查那样成 为一种常规检查。本句中，it takes是all的定语从句，something是urine and blood tests的 同位语，proponents want to become as routine as cholesterol checks 是 something 的金语从句。

3.have no idea of:没有……的概念,不知道……

4.The kidneys lose their ability to filter waste out of the bloodstream so slowly that symptoms aren"t obvious until the organs are very damaged.肾脏如此缓慢地丧失它从i流中—出废物 的能力，以至于直到该器官受到严重损伤时才有明显症状。not... until:直到……才……。

5.End-stage kidney failure is rising fast, with 400,000 people requiring dialysis or a transplant to survive, a toll that has doubled in each of the last two decades.终末期丨肾衰竭病人数目迅速 增加，有40万人需要肾透析或肾移^[才能存话，这个数字在近20年中每10年翻一番。 end-stage kidney failure??终末期肾衰竭。a toll 是 400,000 people requiring dialysis or a transplant to survive 的同位语。

6.And while CKD patients often are terrified of having to go on dialysis, the hard truth is that most will die of heart disease before their kidneys disintegrate to that point, something kidney specialists have recognized for several years but isn"t widely known.尽管慢性肾病患者常常 害怕不得不去做肾透析，但是严酷的事实是，大多数人在肾脏还没有那么糟糕以前就死于 心脏病，这一点肾病专家几年前就已经知道，只是不被广为人知而已。这里，something是the hard truth is... to that point 这个句子的同位语，后面的 kidney specialists have recognized for several years but isn"t widely known 则是 something 的定语从句，省略了关系代词 that。

7.Indeed, the new research is highlighted in this month"s Archives of Internal Medicine with a call for doctors who care for heart patients to start rigorously checking out the kidneys，and for better care of early kidney disease.其实，这项新的研究在本月的《内科档案》杂志上就受到重视，该研 究号召为心脏病人治病的医生要开始严格地检查病人的肾脏，并要更好地关注早期肾病。Archives of Internal Medicine：《内科档案》。call for：要求，号召，提倡。check out:检验。

8.after all:毕竟

9.go beyond:超过

10in turn:依次

11glomerular filtration rate (GFR)：肾小球滤过率

How many Americans suffer chronic kidney disease according to an estimation?

A:19,000,000 B:400,000 C:50,000 D:37,000

Solving a longstanding mystery, scientists have found that the human heart continues to generate new cardiac cells throughout the life span, although the rate of new cell production slows with age.
The finding, published in the April 3 issue of Science, could open a new path for the treatment of heart diseases such as heart failure and heart attack, experts say.
"We find that the beating cells in the heart, cardiomyocytes, are renewed," said lead researcher Dr. Jonas Frisen, a professor of stem cell research at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, Sweden. "It has previously not been known whether we were limited to the cardiomyocytes we are born with or if they could be renewed," he said.
The process of renewing these ceils changes over time, Frisen added. In a 20-year-old, about 1 percent of cardiomyocytes are exchanged each year, but the turnover rate decreases with age to only 0.45 percent by age 75.
"If we can understand how the generation of new cardiomyocytes is regulated, it may potentially possible to develop pharmaceuticals that promote this process to stimulate regeneration after, for example, a heart attack," Frisen said.
That could lead to treatment that helps restore damaged hearts. "A lot of people suffer from chronic heart failure," noted co-author Dr. Ratan Bhardwaj, also from the Karolinska Institute. "Chronic heart failure arises from heart cells dying," he said.
With this finding, scientists are "opening the door to potential therapies to having ourselves heal ourselves," Bhardwaj said. "Maybe one could devise a pharmaceutical agent that would make heart cells make new and more cells to overcome the problem they are facing."
But barriers remain. According to Bhardwaj, scientists do not yet know how to increase heart cell production to a rate that would replace cells faster than they are dying off, especially in older patients with heart failure. In addition, the number of new cells the heart produces was estimated using healthy hearts--whether the rate of cell turnover in diseased hearts is the same remains unknown.
The finding could prove to be helpful to ______.

A:the study of longstanding mysteries B:the analysis of cardiac cells C:the prevention of chronic diseases D:the treatment of heart disease

{{B}}第二篇{{/B}}

The purpose of the $15 million program is to

A:promote disease prevention. B:build more highways. C:help poor communities. D:wipe out chronic diseases.

第二篇 New U．S．Plan for Disease Prevention Urging Americans to take responsibility for their health，Health and Human Services Secretary Tommy Thompson on Tuesday launched a$1 5 million program to try to encourage communities to do more to prevent chronic diseases like heart disease，cancer and diabetes (糖尿病)。 The initiative highlights the COSTS of chronic diseases—the leading causes of death in the United States--and outlines ways that people can prevent them，including better diet and increased exercise． “In the United States today,7 of 1 0 deaths and the vast majority of serious illness，disability and health care costs are caused by chronic diseases，”the Health and Human Services department said in a statement． The causes are often behavioral--smoking，poor eating habits and a lack of exercise． “I am convinced that preventing disease by promoting better health is a smart policy choice for our future．”Thompson told a conference held to launch the initiative． ‘‘Our current health care system is not structured to deal with the rising costs of treating diseases that are largely preventable through changes in our lifestyle choices．” Thompson said heart disease and strokes will cost the country more than$35 1 billion in2003． “These leading causes of death for men and women are largely preventable，yet we as a nation are not taking the steps necessary for US to lead healthier, longer lives，”he said． The$1 5 million is designed to go to communities to promote prevention，pushing for changes as simple as building sidewalks to encourage people to walk more． Daily exercise such as walking can prevent and even reverse heart disease and diabetes，and prevent cancer and strokes． The money will also go to community organizations，clinics and nutritionists who are being encouraged to work together to educate people at risk of diabetes about what they card do to prevent it and encourage more cancer screening． The American Cancer Society estimates that half of all cancers Can be caught by screening，including Pap tests(巴氏试验)for cervical(子宫颈的)cancer mammograms(乳房X线照片)for breast cancer, colonoscopies (结肠镜检查)，and prostate(前列腺的)checks． If such cancers were all caught by early screening，the group estimates that the survival rate for cancer would rise to 95 percent． The purpose of the,S15 million program is to

A:promote disease prevention． B:build more highways． C:help poor communities． D:wipe out chronic diseases．

? ?下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。请根据短文内容，为每题确定1个最佳选项。
{{B}}第一篇{{/B}}

The increase in the U. S. life expectancy is mostly due to

A:declining death rates from heart disease, cancer and stroke B:increasing life expectancy rates in some other countries C:a rise in the rate of chronic disease D:a declining birth rate

{{B}}第二篇{{/B}}

Which can NOT be learned from the passage?

A:Many chronic-disease deaths are preventable. B:Chronic diseases are the major cause of death in most countries. C:Chronic diseases are killing more middle-aged people than elderly people. D:Economic gains in many countries have contributed to chronic-disease deaths.

{{B}}第三篇{{/B}}

The increase in the U. S. life expectancy is mostly due to

A:declining death rates from heart disease, cancer and stroke B:increasing life expectancy rates in some other countries C:a rise in the rate of chronic disease D:a declining birth rate

　第二篇 Chronic Diseases:The World’s Leading Killer 　　Chronic diseases are the leading cause of death in the world.Yet health experts say these conditions are often the most preventable.Chronic diseases include heart disease,stroke,cancer,diabetes（糖尿病）and lung disorders. 　　The World Health Organization says chronic diseases lead to about seventeen million early deaths each year.This United Nations agency expects more than three hundred eighty million people to die of chronic diseases by two thousand fifteen.It says about eighty percent of the deaths will happen in developing nations. 　　The WHO says chronic diseases now cause two-thirds of all deaths in the Asia-Pacific area.In ten years it could be almost three-fourths.People are getting sick in their most economically productive years.In fact,experts say chronic diseases are killing more middle-aged people in poorer countries than in wealthier ones. 　　The WHO estimates that chronic diseases will cost China alone more than five hundred thousand million dollars in the next ten years.That estimate represents the costs of medical treatment and lost productivity.Russia and lndia are also expected to face huge economic losses. 　　Kim Hak-Su is the head of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific.Last ween in Bangkok he presented a WHO report on the problem.It says deaths from chronic diseases have increased largely as the result of economic gains in many countries. 　　The report details the latest findings from nine countries.They include Brazil,Britain,Canada,China,India and Nigeria.The others are Pakistan,Russia and Tanzania. 　　Mister Kim says infectious and parasitic（寄生的）diseases have until recently been the main killers in Asia and the Pacific.But he says they are no longer the major cause of death in most countries. 　　Health officials say as many as eighty percent of deaths from chronic diseases could be prevented.They say an important tool for governments is to restrict the marketing of alcohol and tobacco to young people.Also,more programs are needed to urge healthy eating and more physical activity. 　　UN officials aim through international action to reduce chronic-disease deaths by two percent each year through two thousand fifteen.They say meeting that target could save thirty-six million lives.That includes twenty-five million in Asia and the Pacific. Which can NOT be learned from the passage?

A:Many chronic-disease deaths are preventable. B:Chronic diseases are the major cause of death in most countries. C:Chronic diseases are killing more middle-aged people than elderly people. D:.Eonomic gains in many countries have contributed to chronic-disease deaths.

Urging Americans to take responsibility for their health, Health and Human Services Secretary Tommy Thompson on Tuesday launched a $15 million program to try to encourage communities to do more to prevent chronic diseases like heart disease, cancer and diabetes.
The initiative highlights the cost of chronic diseases—the leading causes of death in the United States—and outlines ways that people can prevent them, including better diet and increased exercise.
"In the United States today, 7 of 10 deaths and the vast majority of serious illness, disability and health care costs are caused by chronic diseases," the Health and Human Services Department said in a statement.
The causes are often behavioral—smoking, poor eating habits and a lack of exercise.
"I am convinced that preventing disease by promoting better health is a smart policy choice for our future," Thompson told a conference held to launch the initiative.
"Our current health care system is not structured to deal with the escalating costs of treating diseases that are largely preventable through changes in our lifestyle choices."
Thompson said heart disease and strokes will cost the country more than $ 351 billion in 2003.
"These leading causes of death for men and women are largely preventable, yet we as a nation are not taking the steps necessary for US to lead healthier, longer lives," he said.
The $15 million is slated to go to communities to promote prevention, pushing for changes as simple as building sidewalks to encourage people to walk more.
Daily exercise such as walking can prevent and even reverse heart disease and diabetes, and prevent cancer and strokes.
The money will also go to community organizations, clinics and nutritionists who are being encouraged to work together to educate people at risk of diabetes about what they can do to prevent it and encourage more cancer screening.
The American Cancer Society estimates that half of all cancers can be caught by screening, including Pap tests for cervical cancer, mammograms for breast cancer, colonoscopies, and prostate checks.
If such cancers were all caught by early screening, the group estimates that the survival rate for cancer would rise to 95 percent.

The $15 million program is aimed at （　）.

A:promoting disease prevention B:building more sidewalks C:helping needy communities D:wiping out chronic diseases