As many of the stories in this book are about man-eating tigers, it is perhaps (1) to explain why those animals (2) man-eating tendencies. A man-eating tiger is a tiger that has been compelled, through stress of circumstances beyond its (3) to adopt a diet alien to it. The stress of circumstances is, in nine cases out of ten, wounds, and in the tenth case old age. The wound that has caused (4) tiger to take up man-eating might be the result of a carelessly fired (5) and failure to follow up and (6) the wounded animal, or be the result Of the tiger having lost its temper when killing a porcupine. Human beings are not the natural prey of tigers, and it is only when tigers have been (7) through wounds or old age that, in order to live, they are compelled to a diet of human flesh. They can no longer make a (8) of animal in (9) A tiger uses its teeth and claws when killing. When, therefore, a tiger is suffering (10) one or more painful wounds, or when its teeth are, missing or defective and its claws (11) down, and it is unable to catch the animals it has been accustomed to eating, it is (12) by necessity to killing human beings. The (13) from animal to human flesh is, I believe, in most cases accidental. As (14) of what I mean by "accidentaF’ I quote the case of the Muktesar man-eating tigers. This tigress, a comparatively young animal, in (15) with a porcupine lost an eye and got some fifty quills, (16) in length from one to nine inches, embedded under the (17) of her right foreleg. Suppurating (18) formed where she endeavoured to extract the quills with her teeth, and while she was lying up in a thick (19) of grass, starving and licking her wounds, a woman selected this particular place to cut the grass as fodder for her cattle. At first the tigress took no notice, but when the woman had cut the grass right up to where she was lying the tigress struck once, the blow (20) in the woman’s skull.

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C, and D on ANSWER SHEET 1.6（）

A:a peculiar B:a particular C:a special D:a sole

Many professions are associated with a particular stereotype. The (1) image of a writer, for instance, is (2) a slightly crazy-looking person, locked in an attic, writing (3) furiously for days (4) Naturally, he has his favorite pen and note-paper, or a beat-up typewriter, (5) he could not produce a readable word.
Nowadays, we know that such images (6) little resemblance to reality. But are they completely false In the case of at least one writer, it would (7) . Dame Muriel Spark, who (8) 80 in February, in many ways resembles this stereotypical "writer". She is certainly not crazy, and she doesn’t work in an attic. But she is rather (9) about the tools of her (10)
She (11) writing with a certain type of pen in a certain type of notebook, which she buys from a certain (12) in Edinburgh called James Thin. In fact, so (13) is she that, if someone uses one of her pens (14) , she immediately throws it away. And she claims she would have enormous difficulty writing in any notebook (15) those sold by James Thin. This could soon be a problem, as the shop no longer (16) them, and Dame Muriel’s (17) of 72-page spiral bound is nearly finished.
As well as her " (18) " about writing materials, Muriel Spark shares one other characteristic with the stereotypical "writer": her work is the most important thing in her life. It has stopped her (19) ; (20) her old friends and made her new ones, and driven her from London to New York to Rome. Today she lives in the Italian province of Tuscany with a friend.

9（）

A:particular B:specific C:peculiar D:special

The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. But Gregory Cochran is (1) to say it anyway. He is that (2) bird, a scientist who works independently (3) any institution. He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not (4) thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested.
(5) he, however, might tremble at the (6) of what he is about to do. Together with another two scientists, he is publishing a paper which not only (7) that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about. The group in (8) are a particular people originated from central Europe. The process is natural selection.
This group generally do well in IQ test, (9) 12-15 points above the (10) value of 100, and have contributed (11) to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the (12) of their elites, including several world-renowned scientists, (13) . They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases, such as breast cancer. These facts, (14) , have previously been thought unrelated. The former has been (15) to social effects, such as a strong tradition of (16) education. The latter was seen as a (an) (17) of genetic isolation. Dr. Cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseases are intimately (18) . His argument is that the unusual history of these people has (19) them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this (20) state of affairs.

2（）

A:unique B:particular C:special D:rare

The idea that people might be chosen or rejected for jobs on the basis of their genes disturbs many. Such (1) may, however, be a step (2) , thanks to work just published in Current Biology by Derk-Jan Dijk and his colleagues at the University of Surrey, in England. Dr. Dijk studies the biology of time-keeping—in particular of the part of the internal body-clock that (3) people to sleep and wakes them up. One of the genes involved in (4) this clock is known as PER3 and (5) in two forms. Dr. Dijk’s work (6) that one of these forms is more conducive to night-shift work than the other.
The two forms of PER3 (7) into two slightly different proteins, one of which is longer than the other. (8) work by this group showed that people with two short versions of the gene are more likely to be "owls", (9) to get up late and go to bed late. "Larks"— (10) , early risers, have two long versions. Pursuing this (11) of enquiry, Dr. Dijk and his team have been studying how such people (12) to sleep deprivation. Two dozen volunteers, some genetic owls and some genetic larks, were forced to stay awake for two days. The genetic larks reacted to this worse than the owls did. (13) , larks given memory tests and puzzles to (14) between the hours of four and eight in the morning turned (15) far worse performances than did owls.
What (16) that may have for employers is not fully clear. Nevertheless, it is intriguing. There may (17) come a time when employers (18) night shifts will want a blood sample from (19) employees— (20) to protect themselves against negligence suits should someone have an accident.

（13）（）

A:In short B:In particular C:In any event D:On the contrary

The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. But Gregory Cochran is (1) to say it anyway. He is that (2) bird, a scientist who works independently (3) any institution. He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not (4) thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested.
(5) he, however, might tremble at the (6) of what he is about to do. Together with another two scientists, he is publishing a paper which not only (7) that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about. The group in (8) are a particular people originated from central Europe. The process is natural selection.
This group generally do well in IQ test, (9) 12-15 points above the (10) value of 100, and have contributed (11) to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the (12) of their elites, including several world-renowned scientists, (13) . They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases, such as breast cancer. These facts, (14) , have previously been thought unrelated. The former has been (15) to social effects, such as a strong tradition of (16) education. The latter was seen as a (an) (17) of genetic isolation. Dr. Cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseases are intimately (18) . His argument is that the unusual history of these people has (19) them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this (20) state of affairs.

Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.2（）

A:unique B:particular C:special D:rare

A Hierarchy of Hormones All of the cells in a particular plant start out with the same complement of genes. How then can these cells differentiate and from structures as different as roots, stems, leaves, and fruits? The answer is that only a small subset of the genes in a particular kind of cell are expressed, or turned on, at a given time. This is accomplished by a complex system of chemical messengers that in plants include hormones and other regulatory molecules. Five major hormones have been identified; auxin (生长素), abscisic acid(脱落酸) ,cytokinin(细胞激动素), hetylene(乙烯), and gibberellin(赤霉素). Studies of plants have now identified a new class of regulatory molecules called oligosaccharins. Unlike the oligosaccharins, the five well-known plant hormones are pleiotropic (多向性的) rather than specific, that is, each has more than one effect on the growth and development of plants. The five have so many simultaneous effects that they are not very useful in artificially controlling the growth of crops. Auxin, for instance, stimulates the rate of cell elongation(拉长), causes shoots to grow up and roots to grow down, and inhibits the growth of lateral(侧面的) shoots. Auxin also causes the plant to develop a vascular(维管的) system, to from lateral roots, and to produce ethylene. The pleiotropy of the five well-studied plant hormones is somewhat analogous (类似的) to that of certain hormones in animal. For example, hormones from the hypothalamus (下五脑) in the brain stimulate the anterior(前面的) lobe of the pituitary gland to synthesize and release many different hormones, one of which stimulates the release of hormones from the adrenal(肾上腺的) cortex(皮质|). These hormones have specific effects on target organs all over the body. One hormone stimulates the thyroid (甲状腺的) gland, for example, another the ovarian (子房)follicle cells, and so forth. In other words, there is a hierarchy(统治集团) of hormones. Such a hierarchy may also exist in plants. Oligosaccharins are fragments of the cell wall released by enzymes (酶): different enzymes release different oligosaccharins. There are indications that pleiotropic plant hormones may actually function by activating the enzymes that release these other, more specific chemical messengers from the cell wall. The passage suggests that which of the following is a function likely to be performed by an oligosacharin?

A:To stimulate a particular plant cell to become part of a plant’s root system. B:To activate enzymes that release specific chemical messengers from plant call walls. C:To duplicate the gene complement in a particular plant cell. D:To produce multiple effects on a particular subsystem of plant cells.

Particular average

With particular average