transfer

Transfer refers to the fact that the native language plays important roles in the course of second language acquisition. It is the psychological process whereby prior learning is carried over into a new learning situation, or the influence resulting from the similarities and differences between the target language and any other language that has been previously (and perhaps imperfectly) acquired. For example, the students’ learned knowledge and skills in the native language can be transfen-ed to the second or foreign language.

Marketing, in economics, is that part of the process of production and exchange that is concerned with the flow of goods and services from producer to consumer. In popular usage it is defined as the distribution and sale of goods, the word DISTRIBUTION being understood in a broader sense than the technical economic one. Marketing includes the activities of all those who are engaged in the transfer of goods from producer to consumer--not only those who buy and sell directly, wholesale and retail, but also those who warehouse, grade, transport, in sure, finance, or otherwise have a hand in the process of transfer. In a modern capitalist economy, where all production is for a market, such activities are of first importance l it is estimated that more than 50% of the price paid by the final consumer is made up of the cost of marketing. Where production is for direct use, as in the subsistence farm, the feudal manor (庄园), or the communal group, there is little need for exchange of good because the division of labour is poorly developed and most people produce the same or similar goods. Interregional exchange between disparate geographic areas depends on adequate means of transportation. This, before the development of area travel and navigation, there was little change of the products of one region for those of another. Where systems of transportation are well developed as in the Mediterranean in ancient times and throughout most of the world in modern times, interregional trade has been substantial. The village market of fair, the itinerant (巡游的) merchant or peddle, and the shop where customers could have such goods as shoes and furniture made to order were features of marketing up in rural Europe.

By "have a hand in the process of transfer" the author refers to those who （　）

A:control the process of transfer B:are involved in the process of transfer C:need help in the process of transfer D:make a big fortune in the process of transfer

Marketing, in economics, is that part of the process of production and exchange that is concerned with the flow of goods and services from producer to consumer. In popular usage it is defined as the distribution and sale of goods, the word DISTRIBUTION being understood in a broader sense than the technical economic one. Marketing includes the activities of all those who are engaged in the transfer of goods from producer to consumer--not only those who buy and sell directly, wholesale and retail, but also those who warehouse, grade, transport, in sure, finance, or otherwise have a hand in the process of transfer. In a modern capitalist economy, where all production is for a market, such activities are of first importance l it is estimated that more than 50% of the price paid by the final consumer is made up of the cost of marketing. Where production is for direct use, as in the subsistence farm, the feudal manor (庄园), or the communal group, there is little need for exchange of good because the division of labour is poorly developed and most people produce the same or similar goods. Interregional exchange between disparate geographic areas depends on adequate means of transportation. This, before the development of area travel and navigation, there was little change of the products of one region for those of another. Where systems of transportation are well developed as in the Mediterranean in ancient times and throughout most of the world in modern times, interregional trade has been substantial. The village market of fair, the itinerant (巡游的) merchant or peddle, and the shop where customers could have such goods as shoes and furniture made to order were features of marketing up in rural Europe.

By "have a hand in the process of transfer" the author refers to those who（）

A:control the process of transfer B:are involved in the process of transfer C:need help in the process of transfer D:make a big fortune in the process of transfer

By "have a hand in the process of transfer" the author refers to those who ______.

A:control the process of transfer B:are involved in the process of transfer C:need help in the process of transfer D:make a big fortune in the process of transfer

{{B}}第三篇{{/B}}

What factor can be attributed to German prosperity?

A:Technology transfer. B:Good management. C:Hard work. D:Fierce competition.

第一篇 Technology Transfer in Germany When it comes to translating basic research into industrial success．few nations can match Germany．Since the 1 940s．the nation’s vast industrial base has been fed with a constant stream of new ideas and expertise from science．And though German prosperity(繁荣)has faltered(衰退) over the past decade because of the huge cost of unifying east and west as well as the global economic decline，it still has an enviable(令人羡慕的)record for turning ideas into profit． Much of the reason for that success is the Fraunhofer Society，a network of research institutes that exists solely to solve industrial problems and create sought．after technologies．But today the Fraunhofer institutes have competition．Universities are taking an ever larger role in technology transfer，and technology parks are springing up all over．These efforts are being complemented by the federal programmes for pumping money into start-up companies． Such a strategy may sound like a recipe for economic success．but it is not without its critics．These people worry that favouring applied research will mean neglecting basic science，eventually starving industry of flesh ideas．If every scientist starts thinking like an entrepreneur(企业家)，the argument goes，then the traditional principles of university research being curiosity．driven，flee and widely available will Suffer．Others claim that many of the programmes to promote technology transfer are a waste of money because half the small businesses that are promoted are bound to go bankrupt within a few years． Ⅵmile this debate continues．new ideas flow at a steady rate from Germany’s research networks，which bear famous names such as Helmholtz，Max Planck and Leibniz．Yet it is the fourth network，the Fraunhofer Society，that plays the greatest role in technology transfer． Founded in 1949,the Fraunhofer Society is now Europe’s largest organisation for applied technology, and has 59 institutes employing 1 2，000 people．It continues to grow．Last year, it Swallowed up the Heinrich Hertz Institute for Communication Technology in Berlin．Today, there are even Fraunhofers in the US and Asia． What factor can be attributed to German prosperity?

A:Technology transfer． B:Good management C:Hard work． D:Fierce competition

第三篇 Technology Transfer in Germany when it comes to translating basic research into industrial success，few nations can match Germany．Since the 1940s，the nation’s vast industrial base has been fed with a constant stream of new ideas and expertise from science．And though German prosperity(繁荣)has faltered(衰退)over the past decade because of the huge cost of unifying east and west as well as the global economic decline，it still has an enviable(令人羡慕的)record for turning ideas into profit． Much of the reason for that success is the Fraunhofer Society, a network of research institutes that exists solely to solve industrial problems and create sought。after technologies?But today the Fraunhofer institutes have competition．Universities are taking an ever larger role in technology transfer，and technology parks are springing up all over．These efforts are being complemented by the federal programmes for pumping money into start-up companies? Such a strategy may sound like a recipe for economic success，but 1t is not without its crities,These people worry that favouring applied research will mean neglecting basic science，eventually starving industry of flesh ideas．If every scientist starts thinking like an entrepreneur(企业家)，the argument goes，then the traditional principles of university research being curiosity．driven：free and widely available will suffer．Others claim that many of the programmes to promote technology transfer are a waste of money because half the small businesses that are promoted are bound to go bankrupt within a few years? While this debate continues，new ideas flow at a steady rate from Germany’s research networks，which bear famous names such as Helmholtz，Max Planck and Leibniz．Yet it is the fourth network，the Fraunhofer Society，that plays the greatest role in technology transfer． Founded in 1949.the Fraunhofer Society is now Europe’s largest organisation for applied technology，and has 59 institutes employing 1 2，000 people．It continues to grow．Last year’it swallowed up the Heinrich Hertz Institute for Communication Technology in Berlin．Today, there are even Fraunhofers in the US and Asia． What factor can be attributed to German prosperity?

A:Technology transfer． B:Good management． C:Hard work． D:Fierce competition

{{B}}第三篇{{/B}}

What factor can be attributed to German prosperity?

A:Technology transfer B:Good management C:Hard work D:Fierce competition

transfer of risks

transfer funds