Lung Cancer

    1. The death rate due to cancer of the lungs has increased more than 800 percent in males and has more than doubled in females during the last 25 years. It is considerably higher in urban and industrial areas than in rural districts. There are many possible causes, but it is still controversial which are most blameworthy. Those factors which have been mentioned most frequently are the presence of foreign particles and other irritants in the air (smoke particles, smog, exhaust fumes), and the smoking of cigarettes and cigars.

    2. Numerous studies have demonstrated a striking correlation between the death rate from lung cancer and smoking habits. Among heavy smokers —21 to 30 cigarettes per day —the mortality rate from lung cancer is nearly 17 times the rate from nonsmokers. It is expected the death rate among women will increase as the present high rate of smoking among women has its effect.

    3. Sometimes cases of lung cancer are discovered at the time an x-ray is taken for the purpose of detecting tuberculosis. Too often, however, a current emphasis upon the danger of exposure to radiation¹ from X-ray machines can frighten people away from routine chest X-rays and thus prevent an early diagnosis of lung cancer. Early detection is absolutely essential if any possibility of cure is to be maintained². Modern X-ray machines in competent hands pose such slight danger, at least to those over 40 years of age, that this would be much more than offset by the advantages of discovering a tumor while it is small enough to be completely removed.³

    4. A common form of lung cancer is bronchogenic carcinoma⁴, so-called because the malignancy originates in⁵ a bronchus. The tumor may grow until the bronchus is blocked, cutting off⁶ the supply of air to that lung. The lung then collapses, and the secretions trapped in the lung spaces become infected, with a resulting pneumonia or the formation of a lung abscess. Such a lung cancer can also spread to cause secondary growths in the lymph nodes⁷ of the chest and neck as well as in the brain and other parts of the body. The only treatment that offers a possibility of cure, before secondary growths have had time to form, is to remove the lung completely. This operation is called pneumonectomy.

    5. Malignant tumors of the stomach, the breast, the prostate gland⁸ and other organs may spread to the lungs, causing secondary growths.

词汇：

blameworthy /"bleɪmwɜːðɪ/ adj.该受责备的

bronchus/ˈbrɔŋkəs/ n.支气管                 pl. bronchi

irritant/ˈɪrɪtənt/ n.刺激物；adj.有刺激性的

smog/smɔɡ/ n.烟雾

secretion/sɪˈkri:ʃən/ n.分泌（作用);分泌=物

fume/fju:m/ n.(浓烈或难闻的）烟;气

pneumonia/nju:ˈməunjə/ n.肺炎

correlation/kɔ:rəˈleɪʃən, ˌkɔr-/n. 相关,关联

abscess/ˈæbses/n. 脓肿

mortality/mɔ:"tæləti/n. 死亡率

pneumonectomy/nju:məuˈnektəmi/n. 肺切除术

tuberculosis/tʊˌbɜ:kjəˈləʊsɪs, tjʊ-/n. 结核病

malignant/məˈliɡnənt/ adj. 恶性的,有害的

注释：

1.exposure to radiation:接触放射线

2.if any possibility of cure is to be maintained:如果想要保持治愈的可能性的话。这里的is是情态动词,与不定式连用（be to do sth.)表示“想要、打算、约定、职责、义务”等意思。

3.Modern X-ray machines... to be completely removed.合格的技师操作现代的X光机所产生的危险微乎其微(至少对年龄超过40岁的人来说如此），相对于它能尽早发现一个较小的、能被彻底切除的肿瘤这个优点来说,这点危险可以忽略不计。此句中运用了such... that...这样的呼应关系，that引导的从句为程度状语从句。offset意为“补偿,抵消”。

4.bronchogenic carcinoma：支气管癌。carcinoma指上皮细胞所形成的恶性肿瘤，sarcoma指非上皮细胞所形成的恶性肿瘤,而所有恶性肿瘤都可称cancer或malignancy 。

5.originate in/from:起源于,发生于

6.cut off:切断

7.the lymph node:淋巴结

8.the prostate gland:前列腺

B the more chances of dying of X-ray radiation he will have

C what is most responsible for lung cancer

D as some people imagine

E the more chances of getting lung cancer he will have

The more cigarettes one smokes, __________.

A:A B:B C:C D:D E:E F:F

The period of adolescence, i.e., the period between childhood and adulthood, may be long or short, depending on social expectations and on society’s definition as to what constitutes maturity and adulthood. In primitive societies adolescence is frequently a relatively short period of time, while in industrial societies with patterns of prolonged education coupled with laws against child labor, the period of adolescence is much longer and may include most of the second decade of one’s life. Furthermore, the length of the adolescent period and the definition of adulthood status may change in a given society as social and economic conditions change. Examples of this type of change are the disappearance of the frontier in the latter part of the nineteenth century in the United States, and more universally, the industrialization of an agricultural society.
In modern society, ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance and there no longer is agreement as to what constitutes initiation ceremonies. Social ones have been replaced by a sequence of steps that lead to increased recognition and social status. For example, grade school graduation, high school graduation and college graduation constitute such a sequence, and while each step implies certain behavioral changes and social recognition, the significance of each depends on the socio-economic status and the educational ambition of the individual. Ceremonies for adolescence have also been replaced by legal definitions of status roles, rights, privileges and responsibilities. It is during the nine years from the twelfth birthday to the twenty-first that the protective and restrictive aspects of childhood and minor status are removed and adult privileges and responsibilities axe granted. The twelve-year-old is no longer considered a child and has to pay full fare for train, airplane, theater and movie tickets. Basically, the individual at this age loses childhood privileges without gaining significant adult rights. At the age of sixteen the adolescent is granted certain adult rights which increases his social status by providing him with more freedom and choices. He now can obtain a driver’s license: he can leave public schools; and he can work without the restrictions of child labor laws. At the age of eighteen the law provides adult responsibilities as well as rights: the young man can now be a soldier, but he also can marry without parental permission. At the age of twenty-one the individual obtains his full legal rights as an adult. He now can vote, he can buy liquor, he can enter into financial contracts, and he is entitled to run for public office. No additional basic rights are acquired as a function of age after majority status has been attained. None of these legal provisions determine at what point adulthood has been reached but they do point to the prolonged period of adolescence.
Starting from 22, ______.

A:one will obtain more basic rights B:the older one becomes, the more basic rights he will have C:one won’t get more basic rights than when he is 21 D:one will enjoy more rights granted by society

Text 2

A:one will obtain more basic rights B:the older one becomes, the more basic rights he will have C:one won’t get more basic rights than when he is 21 D:one will enjoy more rights granted by society

— The secretary wrote ______ note to the manager.
— I guess she forgot writing one.

A:the other B:one C:one more D:another

Many people take (it) for (granted) that the more (one has children), the more secure one’s late (years) will be.（　）

A:it B:granted C:one has children D:years

The (closer) one (comes) to earth, the (more denser) (the) atmosphere becomes.

A:closer B:comes C:more denser D:the

The (closer) one (comes) to earth, the (more denser) (the) atmosphere becomes.

A:closer B:comes C:more denser D:the

The (closer) one (comes) to earth, the (more denser) (the) atmosphere becomes.

A:closer B:comes C:more denser D:the