Experts Call for Local and Regional Control of Sites for Radioactive Waste

The withdrawal of Nevada’s Yucca Mountain as a potential nuclear waste repository¹ has reopened the debate over how and where to dispose of spent nuclear fuel and high-level nuclear waste. In an article in the July 10 issue of Science, University of Michigan² geologist Rodney Ewing and Princeton University³ nuclear physicist Frank von Hippel argue that, although federal agencies should set standards and issue licenses for the approval of nuclear facilities, local communities and states should have the final approval on the siting of these facilities. The authors propose the development of multiple sites that would service the regions where nuclear reactors are located.

“The main goal…, should be to provide the United States with multiple alternatives and substantial public involvement in an open siting and design process that requires acceptance by host communities and states,”the authors write.

Ewing and von Hippel also analyze the reasons why Yucca Mountain, selected by Congress⁴ in 1987 as the only site to be investigated for long-term nuclear waste disposal, finally was shelved⁵ after more than three decades of often controversial debate. The reasons include the site’s geological problems, management problems, important changes in the Environmental Protection Agency’s standard, unreliable funding and the failure to involve local communities in the decision-making process.

Going forward, efforts should be directed at locating storage facilities in the nation’s northeastern, southeastern, midwestern and western regions, and states within a given region should be responsible for developing solutions that suit their particular circumstances. Transportation of nuclear waste over long distances, which was a concern with the Yucca Mountain site, would be less of a problem because temporary storage or geological disposal sites could be located closer to reactors.

“This regional approach would be similar to the current approach in Europe, where spent nuclear fuel⁶ and high-level nuclear waste⁷ from about 150 reactors and reprocessing plants is to be moved to a number of geological repositories in a variety of rock types⁸,”said Rodney Ewing, who has written extensively about the impact of nuclear waste management on the environment and who has analyzed safety assessment criteria for the controversial Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository.

词汇:

radioactive adj.放射性的   

geologist n.地质学家

shelve v.搁置      

reactor n.反应堆，反应器

repository n.储藏地，储藏室   

geological adj. 地质的

controversial adj. 有争议的     

注释:    

1. The withdrawal of Nevada’s Yucca Mountain as a potential nuclear waste repository: Nevada’s Yucca Mountain:美国境内的内华达州尤卡山。 nuclear waste repository:核废物处理库。美国能源部部长朱棣文 2009年 3月 5日表示，拟在内华达州尤卡山建设的核废物昀终处理库将不再是美国储存高放废物的一个选项。

2. University of Michigan:美国密歇根大学，建于 1817年。

3. Princeton University:美国普林斯顿大学，建于 1746年。

4. Congress:美国国会，美国昀高立法机关，由参议院 (Senate)和众议院(House of Representatives)组成。

5.…was shelved: ……被束之高阁。 6. spent nuclear fuel:也叫做 used nuclear fuel，一般译为“乏核燃料”。

7. high-level nuclear waste:高（强度）放（射性）核废物。

8. geological repositories in a variety of rock types:各种不同岩层中的地质处置库。 geological repositories指的是地表以下 300~1500米的稳定的地质体中建造的用于昀终处置高放废物和乏核燃料的工程设施。处置库是一个多重屏障系统，工程屏障由废物体、废物罐、外包装和缓冲回填材料组成，而天然屏障则是能有效阻滞放射性核素迁移的地质体，包括花岗岩、粘土岩、凝灰岩和岩盐等。许多专家认为地质处置是安全的，技术上是可行的，对环境是无害的。

What is NOT true about the 1987 decision by Congress concerning siting of nuclear waste disposal?

A:Yucca Mountain was selected as the only site for a nuclear waste repository. B:The selection of Yucca Mountain for nuclear waste disposal caused much controversy. C:The decision by Congress was put aside due to a number of problems. D:

The decision by Congress was accepted by local communities.

摩托罗拉General参数中，“decision_alg_type”的现网设置范围是（）

A:255 B:1，5，8 C:20，25 D:CME中可能有此参数 E:CME中无此参数

女，27岁。1个月前产一女婴，2周前渐感颈前部疼痛，自觉吞咽时疼痛，无多汗、食欲不振，甲状腺不大，右侧甲状腺区有一个1.0cm×0.5cm的结节，触痛。TY₃250n9/dl，TT₄17.2mg/dl。哪项试验用于确诊效果最好

A:T₃抑制试验 B:TRH兴奋试验 C:TRAb测定 D:肺部CT检查 E:甲状腺摄I率测定＋TY₃、TT₄测定

In a traditionally drawn decision tree, a circle represents （）.

A:a chance to which no estimated monetary value can be assigned so that a likely pay-off can not be shown B:a decision to which no estimated monetary value can be assigned so that a likely pay-off can not be shown C:a chance to which an estimated monetary value may be assigned to calculate the most likely pay-off D:a decision to which an estimated monetary value may be assigned to calculate the most likely pay-off

In a traditionally drawn decision tree，a circle represents （）．

A:a chance to which no estimated monetary value can be assigned so that a likely pay-off can not be shown B:a decision to which no estimated monetary value can be assigned so that a likely pay-off can not be shown C:a chance to which an estimated monetary value may be assigned to calculate the most likely pay-off D:a decision to which an estimated monetary value may be assigned to calculate the most likely pay-off

Traditional network layer packet forwarding relies on the information provided by network layer  (1) protocols, or static routing, to make an independent (2) decision at each hop within the network. The forwarding  (3) is based solely on the destination  (4) IP address. All packets for the same destination follow the same path across the network if no other equal-cost paths exist. Whenever a router has two equal-cost  (5) toward a destination, the packets toward the destination might take one or both of them, resulting in

A:connection B:window C:decision D:destination

Traditional network layer packet forwarding relies on the information provided by network layer  (1) protocols, or static routing, to make an independent (2) decision at each hop within the network. The forwarding  (3) is based solely on the destination  (4) IP address. All packets for the same destination follow the same path across the network if no other equal-cost paths exist. Whenever a router has two equal-cost  (5) toward a destination, the packets toward the destination might take one or both of them, resulting in

A:connection B:window C:decision D:destination

cp20134 18ty723

A:1 B:2 C:3 D:4