Rescue Platform

     In the aftermath of the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center, security experts are trying to develop new ways of rescuing people from burning skyscrapers. One idea is a platform capable of flying vertically and hovering in the air like a helicopter.¹ The platform would rise up and down alongside a skyscraper and pick up people trapped in high stories.

    The idea for the vertical takeoff platform was hatched more than ten years ago by a Russian aerospace engineer, David Metreveli, who has since² moved to Israel. Metreveli’s design, called the Eagle, calls for two jet engines that turn four large horizontal propellers. The spinning of the propellers generates the necessary lift, or upward force, to raise the platform. The more power is supplied to the propellers, the higher the platform rises. Moving the platform sideways involves applying differing amounts of power to each propeller.

    Helicopters are now used in some cases to get people out of burning buildings. Escape baskets³ slung from them dangle beside the building for people to climb into. Unfortunately, the baskets cannot reach every floor of a building because the ropes from which they hang become unstable beyond a certain length.

    So far, Metreveli has built a small-scale model of the Eagle to test his idea. In the wake of⁴ September 11, he has been able to secure enough funding to start building a larger, 4-meter by 4-meter⁵ prototype, which he calls the Eaglet.

词汇：

aftermath / ’ɑ:ftəmæθ, -mɑ: θ /n．结果，后果

hover / ’hɒvə(r)/ v．盘旋

hatch / hætʃ/ v．策划

propeller / prə’pelə(r) / n．螺旋桨;推进器

sling / slɪŋ/ v．用悬带吊挂（slung, slung）

dangle / ’dæŋgl / v．摇摆

prototype / ’prəʊtətaɪp / n．原型 

注释：

1．One idea is a platform capable of flying vertically and hovering in the air like a helicopter：形容词短语capable of flying vertically and hovering ...用作定语，修饰platform。

2．since = since ten years ago

3．escape basket：救生篮

4．in the wake of：在……后

5．4-meter by 4-meter：4米×4米

The four propellers are fitted horizontally to the Eagle.

A:Right B:Wrong          C:Not mentioned

 Fruit and Vegetable Juices as Beneficial to Health as Fruits and Veggies¹

    A European study has revealed that 100 percent fruit and vegetable juices are as effective as their whole fruit/vegetable counterparts in reducing risk factors related to certain diseases. The conclusion is the result of the study designed to question traditional thinking that 100 percent juices play a less significant role in reducing risk for both cancer and cardiovascular disease than whole fruits and vegetables.

    Juices are comparable in their ability to reduce risk compared to² their whole fruit/ vegetable counterparts, according to several researchers in the United Kingdomwho conducted the literature review. The researchers analyzed a variety of studies that looked at risk reduction attributed to³ the effects of both fiber and antioxidants. As a result, they determined that the positive impact fruits and vegetables offer come not from just the fiber but also from antioxidants which are present in both juice and the whole fruits and vegetables.⁴

    “When considering cancer and coronary heart diseases⁵ prevention, there is no evidence that pure fruit and vegetable juice sare less beneficial than whole fruit and vegetables,” the researchers said. The researchers added that the positioning of juices as being nutritionally inferior to⁶ whole fruits and vegetables in relationship to chronic disease development is “unjustified” and that policies, which suggest otherwise about fruit and vegetable juices, should be re-examined.

    The researchers who authored the paper suggest that more studies in certain area are needed to bolster their findings. “Although this independent review of the literature is not designed to focus on any particular 100 percent juice, it does go a long way⁷ in demonstrating that fruit and vegetable juices do play an important role in reducing the risk of various diseases, especially cancer and cardiovascular disease," said Sue Taylor. Her opinion is in agreement withs⁸ the Juice Products Association⁹ , a non-profit organization not associated with this research. She added that appropriate amounts of juices should be included in the diet of both children and adults, following guidelines established by leading health authorities.Tayloralso points to a large epidemiological study, published in the September 2006 issue of the Journal of Medicine, which found that consumption of a variety of 100 percent fruit and vegetable juices was associated with a reduced risk for Alzheimer’s disease¹⁰.

    In fact, that study found that individuals who drank three or more servings of fruit and vegetable juices per week had a 76 percent lower risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease than those who drank juice less than once per week. The study was published in the International Journal of Food Science and Nutrition TM¹¹ (2006).

词汇：

counterpart/ ˈkaʊntəpɑ:t/n. 对应的人或物
cardiovascular / ˌkɑ:diəʊˈvæskjələ(r)/adj.心脏血管的
comparable / ˈkɒmpərəbl/adj. 可与……相比的，比得上……的
fiber/ "faɪbə(r)/ (=fibre)n.纤维
antioxidant/ ˌæntɪ"ɒksɪdənt/ (=antioxygen)n.抗氧化剂
coronary / "kɒrənrɪ/adj.冠状的
position / pəˈzɪʃn/n.位置，安排，安置;定位
nutritionally/ njʊ"trɪʃənəlɪ/adv. 营养上
inferior / ɪnˈfɪəriə(r)/adj.低等的，劣等的;次的
bolster / "bəʊlstə(r)/vt.支持，支撑
non-profit/nɒn’prɒfɪt/adj. 不营利的，非营利性的
epidemiologic/’epɪ,di:mɪə’lɒdʒɪk /adj. 流行病学的
serving /ˈsʒ:viŋ /n.一份饭菜

注释：

1.veggle(=veggy/’vedʒɪ) ：蔬菜（=vegetable）。也可指“素食者”（=vegetarian）。英国的俚语 veg(/vedʒ/)(单复数相同)也指“蔬菜”。
2.Compared to：如果与……比较起来的话。这是一个过去分词短语，作条件状语。另外，美国英语中compare to也有compare with的意思。
3.attributed to：被认为是……的结果。此过去分词短语是risk reduction的定语。attribute sth.to…：把……归因于……，认为……是……的结果。
4.As a result，they determined that the positive impact fruits and vegetables offer come not from just the fiber but also from antioxidants which are present in both juice and the whole fruits and vegetables.他们断定，水果和蔬菜所起的积极作用不仅来自纤维，而且也来自抗氧化剂，而无论水果还是蔬菜，其全果和汁液都含有这两种物质。这里要注意的是在语法结构上，fruits and vegetables offer是positive impact的定语从句，省略了关系代词 that。
5.coronary heart disease(CHD)：冠状动脉性心脏病(冠心病)。但要注意，CHD也可指先天性心脏病(congenital heart disease)。
6.inferior to：低于……的，次于……的，不如……的
7.it does go a long way：它的确对……有很大帮助。go a long/good way：大有帮助，很有效。此处does是起强调作用的助动词，接下来的do play an important role中的do也是这样。
8.in agreement with：与……一致
9.Julce Products Association：果汁产品协会
10.Alzheimer’s(/raelt shaimaz/)disease(据德国医生Alois Alzheimer的姓命名)：阿尔茨海默病，早老性痴呆
11.International Journal of Food Science and Nutrition：《国际食品科学与营养杂志》

The judgment that fruit and vegetable juices are lels beneficial to reducing chronic disease development is______.

A:evident B:obvious C:incorrect D:conclusive

Education of Students with Vision Impairments

    This is specially designed education for children who are either partially sighted or blind¹. Vision impairments are diagnosed by medical doctors who examine the physical structures in the eye and evaluate the child"s ability to see shapes of different sizes at various distances. In the United States, approximately 12 out of 1,000 children receive some form of special education because of visual impairments.

    Partially sighted children may use a variety of adaptive aids² to see more clearly and to read printed text. These aids include magnifiers, which may be attached to eyeglasses； electronic systems for enlarging print³ and making it easier to see； and large-print books. Blind children usually are taught to read Braille，a system of raised dots embossed on paper and read by touch.⁴ In the past, turning conventional books into pages of Braille was very time-consuming, and the large books required enormous storage areas.⁵ However, most Braille texts are now done electronically.⁶ Many students read paperless Braille with the aid of machines that mechanically raise the dots in a small panel as the reader progresses through the text. Because Braille cannot be read very rapidly， many blind students prefer to listen to books being read on tapes. Some students also use reading machines equipped with cameras that scan lines of print, which computers then convert to synthesized speech.⁷

    Many blind and partially sighted children receive orientation and mobility training⁸ as a part of their education. Specialists teach them how to travel independently in their schools and communities, often with an aid，such as a cane.

    Most children with vision impairments are educated in schools within their communities. Vision specialists may provide special materials and equipment, help teachers and classmates understand the children"s condition, and possibly provide additional instruction. The specialists may also teach partially sighted children how to use their remaining vision more effectively⁹ and instruct them in the use of adaptive aids.

    Some children with vision impairments attend special schools designed to meet their particular needs. Like boarding schools, these schools often provide residential services as well as educational programs.¹⁰ They also have specially designed facilities, which m^y not be found in neighborhood schools, for blind children to participate in athletics and other activities.

    The education of many children with vision impairments is further complicated by their having other disabilities, such as physical disabilities, developmental impairments, or hearing loss.¹¹ Education for those children might emphasize the development of language and communication，and personal, social, and vocational skills rather than academic skills.¹²

词汇：

impairment / ɪmˈpeəmənt/ n. 损伤 

facility / fəˈsɪləti/ n. （常用复数）设备，设施
community / kəˈmju:nəti / n. 社区，社会 

emboss  /ɪm"bɒs / vt.  使浮凸，使突出
magnifier / ˈmægnɪfaɪə(r) / n. 放大镜 

athletics / æθˈletɪks / n. 体育运动
cane / keɪn / n. 手杖，藤  

synthesize /"sɪnθəsaɪz / vt.  合成

Braille / breɪl/ n. 盲文

注释：

1.partially sighted or blind：半盲或全盲的
2.a variety of adaptive aids：各种各样可调节的辅助装置
3.electronic systems for enlarging print：能够放大印刷字体的电子设备。print —词在这里指的 是印刷出来的字；在下文large-print中意思也一样。
4.Blind children usually are taught to read Braille, a system of raised dots embossed on paper and read by touch.盲童通常学习阅读盲文，盲文是由在纸上浮突出来的小圆点构成的（文字）系 统，用手触摸着读。
5.In the past, turning conventional books into pages of Braille was very time-consuming, and the large books required enormous storage areas.把普通书籍转化成"^文在过去是很花时间的 事，保存大开本的书也要占很多地方。
6.However, most Braille texts are now done electronically.然而，现在大多数盲文文本是用电子手段转化而成的。
7.Some students also use reading machines equipped with cameras that scan lines of print, which computers then convert to synthesized speech. 些学生还使用阅读机，这种阅读机装有摄像 机来扫描印刷字体，然后电脑再把它们转化成电子合成的声音。equip sth. with...:用某 物来装备……
8.orientation and mobility training ：方向和移动训练
9.to use their remaining vision more effectively ：更有效地运用他/[门微I号的视力。remaining 的 意思是“剩下的，余下的”。
10. Like boarding schools, these schools often provide residential services as well as educational programs.同寄宿学校一样，这些学校除了教学课程以外还癍供各种住宿设施Q as well as作 为介词短语意思是“除了……以外（也），和”。
11.The education of many children with vision impairments is further complicated by their having other disabilities，such as physical disabilities，developmental impairments，or hearing loss.)(才 许多视力损伤的儿童的教育由于他们还患有其他伤残而变得愈加复杂化，如身体残疾、发 育不良、听力下降等。
12.Education for those children might emphasize the development of language and communication, and personal, social, and vocational skills rather than academic skills.)(才这样的JL童的教育也许要强调语言和交流能力以及个人、社会和职业技能的培养，而不是强调学术能力。

Various adaptive aids are used to____

A:cure children of their vision impairments B:help children see more clearly, read books and so on C:teach children how to turn Braille into synthesized speech D:teach children how to use their remaining vision more effectively

Education of Students with Vision Impairments

    This is specially designed education for children who are either partially sighted or blind¹. Vision impairments are diagnosed by medical doctors who examine the physical structures in the eye and evaluate the child"s ability to see shapes of different sizes at various distances. In the United States, approximately 12 out of 1,000 children receive some form of special education because of visual impairments.

    Partially sighted children may use a variety of adaptive aids² to see more clearly and to read printed text. These aids include magnifiers, which may be attached to eyeglasses； electronic systems for enlarging print³ and making it easier to see； and large-print books. Blind children usually are taught to read Braille，a system of raised dots embossed on paper and read by touch.⁴ In the past, turning conventional books into pages of Braille was very time-consuming, and the large books required enormous storage areas.⁵ However, most Braille texts are now done electronically.⁶ Many students read paperless Braille with the aid of machines that mechanically raise the dots in a small panel as the reader progresses through the text. Because Braille cannot be read very rapidly， many blind students prefer to listen to books being read on tapes. Some students also use reading machines equipped with cameras that scan lines of print, which computers then convert to synthesized speech.⁷

    Many blind and partially sighted children receive orientation and mobility training⁸ as a part of their education. Specialists teach them how to travel independently in their schools and communities, often with an aid，such as a cane.

    Most children with vision impairments are educated in schools within their communities. Vision specialists may provide special materials and equipment, help teachers and classmates understand the children"s condition, and possibly provide additional instruction. The specialists may also teach partially sighted children how to use their remaining vision more effectively⁹ and instruct them in the use of adaptive aids.

    Some children with vision impairments attend special schools designed to meet their particular needs. Like boarding schools, these schools often provide residential services as well as educational programs.¹⁰ They also have specially designed facilities, which m^y not be found in neighborhood schools, for blind children to participate in athletics and other activities.

    The education of many children with vision impairments is further complicated by their having other disabilities, such as physical disabilities, developmental impairments, or hearing loss.¹¹ Education for those children might emphasize the development of language and communication，and personal, social, and vocational skills rather than academic skills.¹²

词汇：

impairment / ɪmˈpeəmənt/ n. 损伤 

facility / fəˈsɪləti/ n. （常用复数）设备，设施
community / kəˈmju:nəti / n. 社区，社会 

emboss  /ɪm"bɒs / vt.  使浮凸，使突出
magnifier / ˈmægnɪfaɪə(r) / n. 放大镜 

athletics / æθˈletɪks / n. 体育运动
cane / keɪn / n. 手杖，藤  

synthesize /"sɪnθəsaɪz / vt.  合成

Braille / breɪl/ n. 盲文

注释：

1.partially sighted or blind：半盲或全盲的
2.a variety of adaptive aids：各种各样可调节的辅助装置
3.electronic systems for enlarging print：能够放大印刷字体的电子设备。print —词在这里指的 是印刷出来的字；在下文large-print中意思也一样。
4.Blind children usually are taught to read Braille, a system of raised dots embossed on paper and read by touch.盲童通常学习阅读盲文，盲文是由在纸上浮突出来的小圆点构成的（文字）系 统，用手触摸着读。
5.In the past, turning conventional books into pages of Braille was very time-consuming, and the large books required enormous storage areas.把普通书籍转化成"^文在过去是很花时间的 事，保存大开本的书也要占很多地方。
6.However, most Braille texts are now done electronically.然而，现在大多数盲文文本是用电子手段转化而成的。
7.Some students also use reading machines equipped with cameras that scan lines of print, which computers then convert to synthesized speech. 些学生还使用阅读机，这种阅读机装有摄像 机来扫描印刷字体，然后电脑再把它们转化成电子合成的声音。equip sth. with...:用某 物来装备……
8.orientation and mobility training ：方向和移动训练
9.to use their remaining vision more effectively ：更有效地运用他/[门微I号的视力。remaining 的 意思是“剩下的，余下的”。
10. Like boarding schools, these schools often provide residential services as well as educational programs.同寄宿学校一样，这些学校除了教学课程以外还癍供各种住宿设施Q as well as作 为介词短语意思是“除了……以外（也），和”。
11.The education of many children with vision impairments is further complicated by their having other disabilities，such as physical disabilities，developmental impairments，or hearing loss.)(才 许多视力损伤的儿童的教育由于他们还患有其他伤残而变得愈加复杂化，如身体残疾、发 育不良、听力下降等。
12.Education for those children might emphasize the development of language and communication, and personal, social, and vocational skills rather than academic skills.)(才这样的JL童的教育也许要强调语言和交流能力以及个人、社会和职业技能的培养，而不是强调学术能力。

Many blind students prefer listening to books because____

A:these books can talk by themselves B:the synthesized speech is very interesting C:this can save time D:these students are lazy

DNA Fingerprinting

    DNA is the genetic material found within the cell nuclei of all living things. In mammals the strands of DNA are grouped into structures called chromosomes.¹ With the exception of identical siblings (as in identical twins)²，the complete DNA of each individual is unique.

    DNA fingerprinting is sometimes called DNA typing.³ It is a method of identification that compares bits of DNA. A DNA fingerprint is constructed by first drawing out a DNA sample from body tissue or fluid such as hair, blood, or saliva. The sample is then segmented using enzymes, and the segments are arranged by size. The segments are marked with probes and exposed on X-ray film，where they form a pattern of black bars — the DNA fingerprint.⁴ If the DNA fingerprints produced from two different samples match，the two samples probably came from the same person.

    DNA fingerprinting was first developed as an identification technique in 1985. Originally used to detect the presence of genetic diseases⁵，it soon came to be used in criminal investigations and legal affairs. The first criminal conviction based on DNA evidence⁶ in the United Statesoccurred in 1988. In criminal investigations, DNA fingerprints derived from evidence collected at the crime scene are compared to the DNA fingerprints of suspects. Generally, courts have accepted the reliability of DNA testing and admitted DNA test results into evidence. However, DNA fingerprinting is controversial in a number of areas： the accuracy of the results, the cost of testing, and the possible misuse of the technique.   

    The accuracy of DNA fingerprinting has been challenged for several reasons. First, because DNA segments rather than complete DNA strands are "fingerprinted" ； a DNA fingerprint may not be unique ； large-scale research to confirm the uniqueness of DNA fingerprinting test results has not been conducted. In addition，DNA fingerprinting is often done in private laboratories that may not follow uniform testing standards and quality controls. Also, since human beings must interpret the test, human error could lead to false results.

    DNA fingerprinting is expensive. Suspects who are unable to provide their own DNA to experts may not be able to successfully defend themselves against charges based on DNA evidence.

    Widespread use of DNA testing for identification purposes may lead to the establishment of a DNA fingerprint database.

词汇：

figerprinting /ˈfɪŋgəprɪnt/ n. 指纹法，指纹术 

nucleus /"nju:klɪəs/ n. 核，中心
genetic / dʒəˈnetɪk / adj. 遗传的 

mammal /ˈmæml/ n. 哺乳动物
chromosome /ˈkrəʊməˌsəʊm/ n. 染色体 

identification /"aɪˌdentɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/ n. 识别，鉴定，证明
enzyme /"enzaɪm/ n. 酶 

suspect /səˈspekt/ n. 嫌疑犯
fingerprint / ˈfɪŋgəprɪnt / n. 指纹 

saliva /səˈlaɪvə/ n. 唾液
segment /ˈsegmənt/ vt.  分割，分裂；切片，不笨
controversial / ˌkɒntrəˈvɜ:ʃl / adj. 有争议的 

uniform /"ju:nɪfɔ:ml/ adj. 一致的，相同的

注释：

1.In mammals the strands of DNA are grouped into structures called chromosomes.哺乳L动物的 DNA线被组合为称作染色体的各种结构。
2.With the exception of identical siblings (as in identical twins)：生物姊妹体除外（如完全相同的双胞胎）
3.DNA fingerprinting is sometimes called DNA typing. DNA 指纹检查法有时也称 DNA 印记法。
4.The segments are marked with probes and exposed on X-ray film, where they form a pattern of black bars - the DNA fingerprint.切片先用探针做标记，然后在X光片上曝光。胶片上形成 由黑色条纹组成的图案，这就是DNA指纹。
5.Originally used to detect the presence of genetic diseases ： (DNA 指纹法）开始是用来探测遗传病的存在
6.The first criminal conviction based on DNA evidence：基于 DNA 提供证据的首例定罪

According to the essay, we can find chromosomes____

A:in a fish B: in a tree C:in a sheep D:in a rock

Malnutrition

     "Much of the sickness and death attributed to the major communicable diseases is in fact caused by malnutrition which makes the body less able to withstand infections when they strike¹ ”， said Dr. Hiroshi Nakajima, Director-General of the World Health Organization (WHO), in his statement on the first day of the World Food Summit organized by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations in Rome, Italy, from 13 to 17 November, 1996.

    "At the same time，” he added, “ in developing countries today, malnutrition is the cause of 174 million children under five years of age being underweight, and 230 million being stunted in their growth². Such figures represent deprivation, suffering and wasted human potential on a scale that is unacceptable from every point of view.³ Whether we think in terms of humanitarian concern， common justice or development needs，they demand a response⁴，both from national governments and from international community. ”

    At the end of January 1996，98 countries had national plans of action for nutrition and 41 countries had one under preparation⁵, in keeping with⁶ their commitments made at the International Conference on Nutrition in Rome in December 1992. The global situation, however, remains grim. Over 800 million people around the world still cannot meet basic needs for energy and protein， more than two thousand million people lack essential micronutrients，and hundreds of millions suffer from diseases caused by unsafe food and unbalanced diets⁷.

    In sheer numbers⁸, iron is the most prevalent micronutrient deficiency. Mainly women of reproduction age and children under five are affected by iron deficiency with prevalence hovering around 50% in developing countries. Among various regions in the world, it is South Asiawhich is hit hardest with prevalence reaching 80% in some countries. In infants and young children even mild anemia is associated with impaired intellectual as well as physical development. In older children and adults iron deficiency reduces work capacity and output⁹. It also leads to increased accidents at work.

    While there is no single remedy，a combination of several preventive approaches is believed to work best. Dietary improvement includes consumption of iron- and vitamin C-rich foods and foods of animal origin，and avoiding drinking tea or coffee with or soon after meals. Iron supplementation of foods¹⁰，particularly of staple cereals，is practiced in a growing number of countries. Iron supplementation is the most common approach，particularly for pregnant women.

词汇：

malnutrition /ˌmælnju:ˈtrɪʃn/ n. 营养不良 

attribute /"ætrɪbju:t / vt. 把……归因于
communicable / kə"mju:nɪkəbl / adj. 传染性的 

withstand  /wɪðˈstænd / vt. 抵挡，经受住
underweight / ˌʌndəˈweɪt / adj. 体重不足的  

stunted /ˈstʌntɪd/ v 受阻的
deprivation /ˌdeprɪˈveɪʃn/ n. 潜力，潜能 

humanitarian / hju:ˌmænɪˈteəriən / adj. 人道主义的
concern /kənˈsɜ:n/ n. 所关切的事  

nutrition /njuˈtrɪʃn/ n. 营养
commitment /kəˈmɪtmənt/ n. 义务，许诺 

micronutrient /ˌmaikrəuˈnju:triənt/ n. 微量营养素
prevalent / ˈprevələnt / adj. 流行的，普遍的 

deficiency /dɪ"fɪʃnsɪ/ n. 缺乏，不足
reproduction /ˌri:prəˈdʌkʃn / n. 生殖，繁殖

prevalence /"prevələns / n. 流行，普遍
hover 盘旋，徘徊 

anemia /ə"ni:mi:ə / n. 贫血

dietary / "daɪətərɪ/ adj. 饮食的；规定食物的
supplementation /ˌsʌplɪmen"teɪʃn / n. 补充，增补
staple / "steɪpl/ adj. 主要的 

cereals /"sɪərɪəl / n. 谷类，谷类作物

注释：

1.when they strike： they指diseases，即“当疾病（对身体）发起进攻时”。
2.stunted in their growth：生长发育缓慢
3.…on a scale that is unacceptable from every point of view.那种规模（之大）从任何方面来说都是令人无法接受的。
4.they demand a response：they指文中的figures,即“这些数字要求人们做出回答”。
5.under preparation ：在准备中
6.keep with ：与……相一致
7.unbalanced diets：不平衡的饮食
8.in sheer numbers ：仅从数字上来说
9.reduce work capacity and output：降低工作能力和效率

10. iron supplementation of foods ：对食物添加铁

What is the cause of much of the sickness and death?

A:Certain diseases B:Malnutrition C:Infections D:Accidents

Malnutrition

     "Much of the sickness and death attributed to the major communicable diseases is in fact caused by malnutrition which makes the body less able to withstand infections when they strike¹ ”， said Dr. Hiroshi Nakajima, Director-General of the World Health Organization (WHO), in his statement on the first day of the World Food Summit organized by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations in Rome, Italy, from 13 to 17 November, 1996.

    "At the same time，” he added, “ in developing countries today, malnutrition is the cause of 174 million children under five years of age being underweight, and 230 million being stunted in their growth². Such figures represent deprivation, suffering and wasted human potential on a scale that is unacceptable from every point of view.³ Whether we think in terms of humanitarian concern， common justice or development needs，they demand a response⁴，both from national governments and from international community. ”

    At the end of January 1996，98 countries had national plans of action for nutrition and 41 countries had one under preparation⁵, in keeping with⁶ their commitments made at the International Conference on Nutrition in Rome in December 1992. The global situation, however, remains grim. Over 800 million people around the world still cannot meet basic needs for energy and protein， more than two thousand million people lack essential micronutrients，and hundreds of millions suffer from diseases caused by unsafe food and unbalanced diets⁷.

    In sheer numbers⁸, iron is the most prevalent micronutrient deficiency. Mainly women of reproduction age and children under five are affected by iron deficiency with prevalence hovering around 50% in developing countries. Among various regions in the world, it is South Asiawhich is hit hardest with prevalence reaching 80% in some countries. In infants and young children even mild anemia is associated with impaired intellectual as well as physical development. In older children and adults iron deficiency reduces work capacity and output⁹. It also leads to increased accidents at work.

    While there is no single remedy，a combination of several preventive approaches is believed to work best. Dietary improvement includes consumption of iron- and vitamin C-rich foods and foods of animal origin，and avoiding drinking tea or coffee with or soon after meals. Iron supplementation of foods¹⁰，particularly of staple cereals，is practiced in a growing number of countries. Iron supplementation is the most common approach，particularly for pregnant women.

词汇：

malnutrition /ˌmælnju:ˈtrɪʃn/ n. 营养不良 

attribute /"ætrɪbju:t / vt. 把……归因于
communicable / kə"mju:nɪkəbl / adj. 传染性的 

withstand  /wɪðˈstænd / vt. 抵挡，经受住
underweight / ˌʌndəˈweɪt / adj. 体重不足的  

stunted /ˈstʌntɪd/ v 受阻的
deprivation /ˌdeprɪˈveɪʃn/ n. 潜力，潜能 

humanitarian / hju:ˌmænɪˈteəriən / adj. 人道主义的
concern /kənˈsɜ:n/ n. 所关切的事  

nutrition /njuˈtrɪʃn/ n. 营养
commitment /kəˈmɪtmənt/ n. 义务，许诺 

micronutrient /ˌmaikrəuˈnju:triənt/ n. 微量营养素
prevalent / ˈprevələnt / adj. 流行的，普遍的 

deficiency /dɪ"fɪʃnsɪ/ n. 缺乏，不足
reproduction /ˌri:prəˈdʌkʃn / n. 生殖，繁殖

prevalence /"prevələns / n. 流行，普遍
hover 盘旋，徘徊 

anemia /ə"ni:mi:ə / n. 贫血

dietary / "daɪətərɪ/ adj. 饮食的；规定食物的
supplementation /ˌsʌplɪmen"teɪʃn / n. 补充，增补
staple / "steɪpl/ adj. 主要的 

cereals /"sɪərɪəl / n. 谷类，谷类作物

注释：

1.when they strike： they指diseases，即“当疾病（对身体）发起进攻时”。
2.stunted in their growth：生长发育缓慢
3.…on a scale that is unacceptable from every point of view.那种规模（之大）从任何方面来说都是令人无法接受的。
4.they demand a response：they指文中的figures,即“这些数字要求人们做出回答”。
5.under preparation ：在准备中
6.keep with ：与……相一致
7.unbalanced diets：不平衡的饮食
8.in sheer numbers ：仅从数字上来说
9.reduce work capacity and output：降低工作能力和效率

10. iron supplementation of foods ：对食物添加铁

Which of the following is NOT the harm of lacking iron?

A:Anemia B:Impaired intellectual development C:Traffic accidents D:Reduced work capacity

A Gay Biologist

    Molecular biologist Dean Hamer has blue eyes，light brown hair and a good sense of humor. He smokes cigarettes，spends long hours in an old laboratory at the US National Institute of Health， and in his free time climbs up cliffs and points his skis down steep slopes. He also happens to be openly，matter-of-factly gay¹ ?

    What is it that makes Hamer who he is?² What, for that matter³，accounts for⁴ the talents and traits that make up anyone"s personality? Hamer is not content merely to ask such questions ； he is trying to answer them as well. A pioneer in the field of molecular psychology, Hamer is exploring the role genes play in governing the very core of our individuality⁵. To a remarkable extent, his work on what might be called the gay，thrill-seeking and quit-smoking genes reflects how own genetic predispositions.⁶

    That work, which has appeared mostly in scientific journals, has been gathered into an accessible and quite readable form in Hamer"s creative new book, Living with Our Genes. “You have about as much choice in some aspect of your personality," Hamer and co-author Peter Copeland write in the introductory chapter, “ as you do in the shape of your nose or the size of your feet. ”

    Until recently, research into behavioral genetics was dominated by⁷ psychiatrists and psychologists, who based their most compelling conclusions about the importance of genes on⁸ studies of identical twins. For example，psychologist Michael Bailey of Northwestern University famously demonstrated that if one identical twin is gay, there is about a 50% likelihood that the other will be too. Seven years ago, Hamer picked up where the twin studies left off, homing in on⁹ specific strips of DNA that appear to influence everything from mood to sexual orientation¹⁰.

    Hamer switched to behavioral genetics from basic research¹¹ ； after receiving his doctorate from Harvard, he spent more than a decade studying the biochemistry of a protein that cells use to metabolize heavy metals like copper and zinc. As he was about to turn 40, however, Hamer suddenly realized he had learned as much about the protein as he cared to.¹² “ Frankly, I was bored，” he remembers, “and ready for something new. ”

    Homosexual behavior, in particular, seemed ripe for exploration because few scientists had dared tackle such an emotionally and politically charged subject¹³. "I"m gay，” Hamer says with a shrug, "but that was not a major motivation. It was more of a question of intellectual curiosity — and the fact that no one else was doing this sort of research. ”

词汇：

gay / gei / n. & adj.同性恋者（的）

psychiatrist / saɪˈkaɪətrɪst/ n. 精神病医生
molecular / mə"lekjələ(r) / adj. 分子的 

psychologist / saɪˈkɒlədʒɪst/ n.心理学家
ski / ski:/ n.  滑雪板  

genetics /dʒəˈnetɪks / n. 遗传学
slope / sləʊp / n.斜面，斜坡 

compelling / kəmˈpelɪŋ / adj. 使人信服 的
trait / treɪt / n. 品质，特征，性格 

likelihood /ˈlaɪklihʊd/ n. 可能性
content /"kɒntent/ n.  满足的，满意的 

doctorate / "ˈdɒktərət / n. 博士学位
individuality /ˌɪndɪˌvɪdʒuˈæləti / n. 个性 

protein /ˌˈprəʊti:n / n.蛋白质
metabolizie /ˌme"tæbəˌlaɪt / n. （使）代谢 

predisposition /ˌpredisposition  / n. 倾向，癖性
homosexual /ˌˌhəʊməˈsekʃuəl  / n. & adj.  同性恋者（的）

accessible / əkˈsesəbl / adj. 易于接近的，易于接受的
motivation /ˌməʊtɪ"veɪʃn  / n. 促动因素，冬季

注释：

Hamer was a____

A:psychiatrist B:physiologist C:chemist D:biologist

In-line Skating and Injuries

    An increasing number of children are taking up¹ in-line skating²，and it is those new skaters who are most at risk for injuries，according to a statement from an American research institute.

    Some 17.7 million people younger than age 18 participated in the sport in the USin 1996, a 24% increase over the previous year.

    Also in 1996，in-line skating injuries sent 76,000 skaters under the age of 21 to the emergency room³. Inexperienced skaters accounted for 14% of all injuries requiring treatment.

    The most common reasons, for injuries were losing one"s balance due to road debris, being unable to stop，out-of-control speeding，or falls while doing a trick.

    One third of skating injuries are to the wrist, and two thirds of wrist injuries are fractures.

Wearing wrist guards could reduce the number of these injuries by an estimated 87%⁴，according to the AAP.

    Likewise, elbow pads could reduce elbow injuries by 82% , and knee pads could reduce the number of knee injuries by 32% , advise the experts.

    Helmet used by young skaters is required by law inNew YorkandOregon, and the research institute also recommends that⁵ young skaters wear a bicycle helmet or a similar approved sports helmet.

    The age at which children are ready to⁶ use in-line skates depends upon a number of conditions, including the child"s foot size and body strength, general athletic ability and muscle coordination，and the ability to judge traffic and pay attention to the condition of the skating surface ahead, the experts advise.

    The most dangerous skating practice, called “ truck-surfing"，involves skating while holding onto a moving vehicle⁷. Few skaters have fatal injuries, but 31 out of 36 deaths⁸ reported since 1992 involved being knocked down by a motor vehicle, according to data⁹ from the US Consumer Product Safety Commission.

词汇：

inexperienced / ˌɪnɪkˈspɪəriənst/adj.缺乏经验的，不熟练的
helmet / "helmɪt/n.防护帽，帽盔

skate/skeɪt/n.冰鞋，四轮溜冰鞋，旱冰鞋
athletic / æθˈletɪk/adj.运动的，体育的
muscle / "mʌsl/n.肌肉

debris/ ‘deɪbri:/n. 垃圾,碎片
fracture / "fræktʃə(r)/n..骨折，破裂，折断

pad /pæd/n.垫，衬垫，护垫

注释：

1.take up：开始从事某事
2.in-line skating:指在公路等非专门的运动场所滑冰。
3. ... sent 76,000 skaters under the age of 21 to the emergency room.…"使76,000 名 21 岁以下 的滑冰者进了急救室。
4.by an estimated 87% ：据估计为 87%
5.recommend that...:建议；推荐
6.be ready to:准备干某事
7."truck-surfing"，involves skating while holding onto a moving vehicle：滑卡车，指抓住一辆开 着的车滑行。
8.31 out of 36 deaths：36 例死亡中的 31 例
9.data:资料（复数），常用这一复数形式。

"Truck-surfing" means

A:skating inside a truck while it is moving. B:skating while holding onto a moving truck. C:skating at a speed faster than a truck. D:skating at the end of a moving truck.