Older Volcanic Eruptions
Volcanoes were more destructive in ancient history, not because they were bigger, but because the carbon dioxide they released wiped out life with greater ease.
Paul Wignall from the UniversityofLeedswas investigating the link between volcanic eruptions and mass extinctions. Not all volcanic eruptions killed off large numbers of animals, but all the mass extinctions over the past 300 million years coincided with huge formations of volcanic rock. To his surprise, the older the massive volcanic eruptions were, the more damage they seemed to do. He calculated the "killing efficiency" for these volcanoes by comparing the proportion of life they killed off with the volume of lava that they produced. He found that size for size, older eruptions were at least 10 times as effective at wiping out life as their more recent rivals.
The Permian extinction 1, for example, which happened 250 million years ago, is marked by floods of volcanic rock in Siberia that cover an area roughly the size of western Europe. Those volcanoes are thought to have pumped out about 10 gigatonnes of carbon as carbon dioxide. The global warming that followed wiped out 80 per cent of all marine genera at the time, and it took 5 million years for the planet to recover. Yet 60 million years ago, there was another huge amount of volcanic activity and global warming but no mass extinction. Some animals did disappear but things returned to normal within ten thousands of years. "The most recent ones hardly have an effect at all," Wignall says. He ignored the extinction which wiped out the dinosaurs 65 million years ago, because many scientists believe it was primarily caused by the impact of an asteroid. He thinks that older volcanoes had more killing power because more recent life forms were better adapted to dealing with increased levels of CO2.
Vincent Courtillot, director of the Paris Geophysical Institute inFrance, says that Wignall"s idea is provocative. But he says it is incredibly hard to do these sorts of calculations. He points out that the killing power of volcanic eruptions depends on how long they lasted. And it is impossible to tell whether the huge blasts lasted for thousands or millions of years. He also adds that it is difficult to estimate how much lava prehistoric volcanoes produced, and that lava volume may not necessarily correspond to carbon dioxide emissions.
词汇：
dioxide [daɪˈɒksaɪd] n. 二氧化物
lava ["lɑ:və] n. 熔岩
Permian [ˈpə:miən] adj. 二叠纪
gigaton ["dʒɪgətʌn] n. 十亿吨梯恩梯
genera ["dʒenərə] n. 种类
dinosaurs ["daɪnəsɔ:z] n. 恐龙
asteroid [ˈæstərɔɪd] n. 小行星
注释：
1.The Permian extinction:二叠纪物种灭绝
Why did older volcanic eruptions do more damage than more recent ones？
A:Because they killed off life more easily. B:Because they were brighter. C:Because they were larger. D:Because they were hotter.
less与more的区别（）。
A:less比more内容显示的少 B:more显示文件内容时可以上下滚动而less不可以 C:less显示文件内容时可以上下滚动而more不可以 D:less比more内容显示的多
______, the more you are aware of content and meaning.
A:The more words you are familiar to B:The more words you are familiar with C:You are familiar to more words D:You are familiar with more words
______ , the more severe the winters are.
A:The more north you go B:The farther you go the north C:The more you go north D:The farther north you go
______, the more you are aware of content and meaning.
A:The more words you are familiar to B:The more words you are familiar with C:You are familiar to more words D:You are familiar with more words
______, the more you are aware of content and meaning.
A:The more words you are familiar to B:The more words you are familiar with C:You are familiar to more words D:You are familiar with more words
Questions from 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:
Generally, cargo is carried in containers, but sometimes it is still shipped as breakbulk cargo. During the voyage, goods may be stacked on top of or come into violent contact with other goods. And the cargo might be dragged, pushed, rolled, or dropped during unloading, while moving through customs, or in transit to the final destination.
Moisture is a constant concern because condensation may develop in the hold of a ship even if it is equipped with air conditioning and a dehumidifier(除湿机). Another aspect of this problem is that cargo may also be unloaded in precipitation, or the foreign port may not have covered storage facilities.
Buyers are often familiar with the port systems overseas, so they will often specify packaging requirements. If the buyer does not specify this, be sure the goods are prepared using these guidelines:
Pack in strong containers, adequately sealed and filled when possible.
To provide proper bracing in the container, regardless of size, make sure the weight is evenly distributed.
Goods should be palletized when possible containerized.
Packages and packing filler should be made of moisture-resistant material.
To avoid pilferage, avoid writing contents or brand names on packages. Other safeguards include using straps, seals, and shrink wrapping.
Observe any product-specific hazardous materials packing requirements.
Normally, air shipments require less heavy packing than ocean shipments, though they should still be adequately protected, especially if they are highly pilferable.
Finally, because transportation costs are determined by volume and weight, specially reinforced and lightweight packing materials have been developed for exporting. Packing goods to minimize volume and weight while reinforcing them may save money, as well as ensure that the goods are properly packed.
The packing of cargo delivered by air freight can be（ ）.
A:slighter than that of the freight carried by sea B:heavier than that of the freight carried by sea C:more pilferable D:more protective
单项选择
