Fruit and Vegetable Juices as Beneficial to Health as Fruits and Veggies¹

    A European study has revealed that 100 percent fruit and vegetable juices are as effective as their whole fruit/vegetable counterparts in reducing risk factors related to certain diseases. The conclusion is the result of the study designed to question traditional thinking that 100 percent juices play a less significant role in reducing risk for both cancer and cardiovascular disease than whole fruits and vegetables.

    Juices are comparable in their ability to reduce risk compared to² their whole fruit/ vegetable counterparts, according to several researchers in the United Kingdomwho conducted the literature review. The researchers analyzed a variety of studies that looked at risk reduction attributed to³ the effects of both fiber and antioxidants. As a result, they determined that the positive impact fruits and vegetables offer come not from just the fiber but also from antioxidants which are present in both juice and the whole fruits and vegetables.⁴

    “When considering cancer and coronary heart diseases⁵ prevention, there is no evidence that pure fruit and vegetable juice sare less beneficial than whole fruit and vegetables,” the researchers said. The researchers added that the positioning of juices as being nutritionally inferior to⁶ whole fruits and vegetables in relationship to chronic disease development is “unjustified” and that policies, which suggest otherwise about fruit and vegetable juices, should be re-examined.

    The researchers who authored the paper suggest that more studies in certain area are needed to bolster their findings. “Although this independent review of the literature is not designed to focus on any particular 100 percent juice, it does go a long way⁷ in demonstrating that fruit and vegetable juices do play an important role in reducing the risk of various diseases, especially cancer and cardiovascular disease," said Sue Taylor. Her opinion is in agreement withs⁸ the Juice Products Association⁹ , a non-profit organization not associated with this research. She added that appropriate amounts of juices should be included in the diet of both children and adults, following guidelines established by leading health authorities.Tayloralso points to a large epidemiological study, published in the September 2006 issue of the Journal of Medicine, which found that consumption of a variety of 100 percent fruit and vegetable juices was associated with a reduced risk for Alzheimer’s disease¹⁰.

    In fact, that study found that individuals who drank three or more servings of fruit and vegetable juices per week had a 76 percent lower risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease than those who drank juice less than once per week. The study was published in the International Journal of Food Science and Nutrition TM¹¹ (2006).

词汇：

counterpart/ ˈkaʊntəpɑ:t/n. 对应的人或物
cardiovascular / ˌkɑ:diəʊˈvæskjələ(r)/adj.心脏血管的
comparable / ˈkɒmpərəbl/adj. 可与……相比的，比得上……的
fiber/ "faɪbə(r)/ (=fibre)n.纤维
antioxidant/ ˌæntɪ"ɒksɪdənt/ (=antioxygen)n.抗氧化剂
coronary / "kɒrənrɪ/adj.冠状的
position / pəˈzɪʃn/n.位置，安排，安置;定位
nutritionally/ njʊ"trɪʃənəlɪ/adv. 营养上
inferior / ɪnˈfɪəriə(r)/adj.低等的，劣等的;次的
bolster / "bəʊlstə(r)/vt.支持，支撑
non-profit/nɒn’prɒfɪt/adj. 不营利的，非营利性的
epidemiologic/’epɪ,di:mɪə’lɒdʒɪk /adj. 流行病学的
serving /ˈsʒ:viŋ /n.一份饭菜

注释：

1.veggle(=veggy/’vedʒɪ) ：蔬菜（=vegetable）。也可指“素食者”（=vegetarian）。英国的俚语 veg(/vedʒ/)(单复数相同)也指“蔬菜”。
2.Compared to：如果与……比较起来的话。这是一个过去分词短语，作条件状语。另外，美国英语中compare to也有compare with的意思。
3.attributed to：被认为是……的结果。此过去分词短语是risk reduction的定语。attribute sth.to…：把……归因于……，认为……是……的结果。
4.As a result，they determined that the positive impact fruits and vegetables offer come not from just the fiber but also from antioxidants which are present in both juice and the whole fruits and vegetables.他们断定，水果和蔬菜所起的积极作用不仅来自纤维，而且也来自抗氧化剂，而无论水果还是蔬菜，其全果和汁液都含有这两种物质。这里要注意的是在语法结构上，fruits and vegetables offer是positive impact的定语从句，省略了关系代词 that。
5.coronary heart disease(CHD)：冠状动脉性心脏病(冠心病)。但要注意，CHD也可指先天性心脏病(congenital heart disease)。
6.inferior to：低于……的，次于……的，不如……的
7.it does go a long way：它的确对……有很大帮助。go a long/good way：大有帮助，很有效。此处does是起强调作用的助动词，接下来的do play an important role中的do也是这样。
8.in agreement with：与……一致
9.Julce Products Association：果汁产品协会
10.Alzheimer’s(/raelt shaimaz/)disease(据德国医生Alois Alzheimer的姓命名)：阿尔茨海默病，早老性痴呆
11.International Journal of Food Science and Nutrition：《国际食品科学与营养杂志》

What on earth in both fruits and vegetables and their juices plays the most important role in reducing risk for diseases?

A:Proteins B:Vitamins. C:Carbohydrates. D:Fiber and antioxidant.

 Fruit and Vegetable Juices as Beneficial to Health as Fruits and Veggies¹

    A European study has revealed that 100 percent fruit and vegetable juices are as effective as their whole fruit/vegetable counterparts in reducing risk factors related to certain diseases. The conclusion is the result of the study designed to question traditional thinking that 100 percent juices play a less significant role in reducing risk for both cancer and cardiovascular disease than whole fruits and vegetables.

    Juices are comparable in their ability to reduce risk compared to² their whole fruit/ vegetable counterparts, according to several researchers in the United Kingdomwho conducted the literature review. The researchers analyzed a variety of studies that looked at risk reduction attributed to³ the effects of both fiber and antioxidants. As a result, they determined that the positive impact fruits and vegetables offer come not from just the fiber but also from antioxidants which are present in both juice and the whole fruits and vegetables.⁴

    “When considering cancer and coronary heart diseases⁵ prevention, there is no evidence that pure fruit and vegetable juice sare less beneficial than whole fruit and vegetables,” the researchers said. The researchers added that the positioning of juices as being nutritionally inferior to⁶ whole fruits and vegetables in relationship to chronic disease development is “unjustified” and that policies, which suggest otherwise about fruit and vegetable juices, should be re-examined.

    The researchers who authored the paper suggest that more studies in certain area are needed to bolster their findings. “Although this independent review of the literature is not designed to focus on any particular 100 percent juice, it does go a long way⁷ in demonstrating that fruit and vegetable juices do play an important role in reducing the risk of various diseases, especially cancer and cardiovascular disease," said Sue Taylor. Her opinion is in agreement withs⁸ the Juice Products Association⁹ , a non-profit organization not associated with this research. She added that appropriate amounts of juices should be included in the diet of both children and adults, following guidelines established by leading health authorities.Tayloralso points to a large epidemiological study, published in the September 2006 issue of the Journal of Medicine, which found that consumption of a variety of 100 percent fruit and vegetable juices was associated with a reduced risk for Alzheimer’s disease¹⁰.

    In fact, that study found that individuals who drank three or more servings of fruit and vegetable juices per week had a 76 percent lower risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease than those who drank juice less than once per week. The study was published in the International Journal of Food Science and Nutrition TM¹¹ (2006).

词汇：

counterpart/ ˈkaʊntəpɑ:t/n. 对应的人或物
cardiovascular / ˌkɑ:diəʊˈvæskjələ(r)/adj.心脏血管的
comparable / ˈkɒmpərəbl/adj. 可与……相比的，比得上……的
fiber/ "faɪbə(r)/ (=fibre)n.纤维
antioxidant/ ˌæntɪ"ɒksɪdənt/ (=antioxygen)n.抗氧化剂
coronary / "kɒrənrɪ/adj.冠状的
position / pəˈzɪʃn/n.位置，安排，安置;定位
nutritionally/ njʊ"trɪʃənəlɪ/adv. 营养上
inferior / ɪnˈfɪəriə(r)/adj.低等的，劣等的;次的
bolster / "bəʊlstə(r)/vt.支持，支撑
non-profit/nɒn’prɒfɪt/adj. 不营利的，非营利性的
epidemiologic/’epɪ,di:mɪə’lɒdʒɪk /adj. 流行病学的
serving /ˈsʒ:viŋ /n.一份饭菜

注释：

1.veggle(=veggy/’vedʒɪ) ：蔬菜（=vegetable）。也可指“素食者”（=vegetarian）。英国的俚语 veg(/vedʒ/)(单复数相同)也指“蔬菜”。
2.Compared to：如果与……比较起来的话。这是一个过去分词短语，作条件状语。另外，美国英语中compare to也有compare with的意思。
3.attributed to：被认为是……的结果。此过去分词短语是risk reduction的定语。attribute sth.to…：把……归因于……，认为……是……的结果。
4.As a result，they determined that the positive impact fruits and vegetables offer come not from just the fiber but also from antioxidants which are present in both juice and the whole fruits and vegetables.他们断定，水果和蔬菜所起的积极作用不仅来自纤维，而且也来自抗氧化剂，而无论水果还是蔬菜，其全果和汁液都含有这两种物质。这里要注意的是在语法结构上，fruits and vegetables offer是positive impact的定语从句，省略了关系代词 that。
5.coronary heart disease(CHD)：冠状动脉性心脏病(冠心病)。但要注意，CHD也可指先天性心脏病(congenital heart disease)。
6.inferior to：低于……的，次于……的，不如……的
7.it does go a long way：它的确对……有很大帮助。go a long/good way：大有帮助，很有效。此处does是起强调作用的助动词，接下来的do play an important role中的do也是这样。
8.in agreement with：与……一致
9.Julce Products Association：果汁产品协会
10.Alzheimer’s(/raelt shaimaz/)disease(据德国医生Alois Alzheimer的姓命名)：阿尔茨海默病，早老性痴呆
11.International Journal of Food Science and Nutrition：《国际食品科学与营养杂志》

The judgment that fruit and vegetable juices are lels beneficial to reducing chronic disease development is______.

A:evident B:obvious C:incorrect D:conclusive

Saving or reducing expenditure in business is（）

A:Save money B:Increase cost C:Cost planning D:Cost control

Saving or reducing expenditure in business is（）

A:save money B:increase cost C:cost planning D:cost control

Saving or reducing expenditure in business is （）

A:Save money B:Increase cost C:cost planning D:cost control

Text 4
The telecity is a city whose life, direction, and functioning are largely shaped by telecommunications. In the twenty first century, cities will be based more and more on an economy that is dependent on services and intellectual property. Telecommunications and information networks will define a city’s architecture, shape, and character. Proximity in the telecity will be defined by the speed and bandwidth of networks as much as by geographical propinquity. In the age of the telecity, New York and Singapore may be closer than, say, New York and Arkadelphia, Arkansas.
Telecities will supersede megacities for several reasons, including the drive toward clean air, reducing pollution, energy conservation, more jobs based on services, and coping with the high cost of urban property. Now we must add the need to cope with terrorist threats in a high-technology world.
Western mind-sets were clearly jolted in the wake of the terrorist attack on the World Trade Center in New York City and attacks in Indonesia, Saudi Arabia, and else where. But the risks posed by twentieth-century patterns of urbanization and architecture have ye to register fully with political figures and leaders of industry. The Pentagon, for example, has been rebuilt in situation rather than distributed to multiple locations and connected by secure landlines and broadband wireless systems. Likewise, the reconstruction of the World Trade Center complex still represents a massive concentration of humanity and infrastructure. This is a remarkably shortsighted and dangerous vision of the future.
The security risks, economic expenses, and environmental hazards of over-centralization are everywhere, and they do not stop with skyscrapers and large governmental structures. There are risks also at seaports and airports, in food and water supplies, at nuclear power plants and hydroelectric turbines at major dams, in transportation systems, and in information and communications systems.
This vulnerability applies not only to terrorist threats but also to human error, such as system-wide blackouts in North America in August 2003 and in Italy in September 2003, and natural disasters such as typhoons, hurricanes, floods, and earthquakes. Leaders and planners are only slowly becoming aware that overcentralized facilities are the most vulnerable to attack or catastrophic destruction.
There is also growing awareness that new broadband electronic systems now allow governments and corporations to safeguard their key assets and people in new and innovative ways. So far, corporations have been quickest to adjust to these new realities, and some governments have begun to adjust as well.

The advantage of telecities over megacities may include all the following EXCEPT（）

A:reducing pollution. B:conserving energy. C:high cost of urban property. D:dealing with terrorist.

The telecity is a city whose life, direction, and functioning are largely shaped by telecommunications. In the twenty-first century; cities will be based more and more on an economy that is dependent on services and intellectual property. Telecommunications and information networks will define a city’s architecture, shape, and character. Proximity in the telecity will be defined by the speed and bandwidth of networks as much as by geographical propinquity. In the, age of the telecity, New York and Singapore may be closer than, say, New York and Arkadelphia, Arkansas.
Telecities will supersede megacities for several reasons, including the drive toward clean air, reducing pollution, energy conservation, more jobs based on services, and coping with the high cost of urban property. Now we must add the need to cope with terrorist threats in a high-technology world.
Western mind-sets were clearly jolted in the wake of the terrorist attack on the World Trade Center in New York City and attacks in Indonesia, Saudi Arabia, and elsewhere. But the risks posed by twentieth-century patterns of urbanization and architecture have yet to register fully with political figures and leaders of industry. The Pentagon, for example, has been rebuilt in situation rather than distributed to multiple locations and connected by secure landlines and broadband wireless systems. Likewise, the reconstruction of the World Trade Center complex still represents a massive concentration of humanity and infrastructure. This is a remarkably shortsighted and dangerous vision of the future.
The security risks, economic expenses, and environmental hazards of over centralization are everywhere, and they do not stop with skyscrapers and large governmental structures. There are risks also at seaports and airports, in food and water supplies, at nuclear power plants and hydroelectric turbines at major dams, in transportation systems, and in information and communications systems.
This vulnerability applies not only to terrorist threats but also to human error, such as system-wide blackouts in North America in August 2003 and in Italy in September 2003, and natural disasters such as typhoons, hurricanes, floods, and earthquakes. Leaders and planners are only slowly becoming aware that over centralized facilities are the most vulnerable to attack or catastrophic destruction.
There is also growing awareness that new broadband electronic systems now allow governments and corporations to safeguard their key assets and people in new and innovative ways. So far, corporations have been quickest to adjust to these new realities, and some governments have begun to adjust as well.
The advantage of telecities over megacities may include all the following EXCEPT______.

A:reducing pollution B:conserving energy C:high cost of urban property D:helping to deal with terrorist

Text 4

The advantage of telecities over megacities may include all the following EXCEPT______.

A:reducing pollution B:conserving energy C:high cost of urban property D:helping to deal with terrorist

There is no question that some "greenwashing" is going on in the corporate world. Bayernwerk, a Bavarian utility, began selling "Aqua Power" last year when Germany began to let customers choose their electricity supplier. Bayernwerk markets Aqua Power as 100% green, renewable, hydroelectric energy. But any customer who signs up gets power from the same mix of sources as before: hydro, gas, coal and nuclear. Nothing changes except some accounting, and there is no net benefit to the environment. There is a benefit, though, to Bayernwerk, which charges more for Aqua Power and has been swamped with orders for it.
Greenwashing takes many forms. "Companies often advertise themselves as environmentally friendly even though they might have some pretty hideous environmental records," says Jill Johnson of the group Earth Day 2000. California’s PG&E, the utility that settled out of court after the real Erin Brockovich accused it of polluting groundwater, runs pro-environmental ads. But PG&E is due in court in November on charges of polluting wells in a second California town. "PG&E has a very good environmental track record," says spokesman Greg Pruett, citing recycling and waste reduction. Weyerhaeuser, the timber company, cuts old-growth trees in Canada but trumpets the 100 million tree seedlings it will plant this year.
Overall, the greening of corporate America is real and has not been as hard to achieve as some environmental activists imagined. That is especially true for greenhouse gases and climate change, the focus of Earth Day 2000. "Now there is more recognition by companies that there may be an economic advantage to reducing emissions of greenhouse gases," says Paul Portney, president of the think tank Resources for the Future. More and more companies are changing the way they heat and light their buildings and design their factories to reduce greenhouse gas emissions as well as their energy bills. (Energy-efficiency upgrades can save a company roughly $1 per square foot of office or factory space every year. ) The reductions often exceed those called for in the 1997 international agreement on greenhouse warming called Kyoto Treaty, whose goal of reducing greenhouse emissions 7% from their 2000 levels is deemed so threatening to the economy by many oil, coal and chemicals companies that the White House does not dare to submit it to the Senate for ratification.

By "greenwashing", the author of the passage probably means（）

A:reducing and recycling waste B:advertising green products C:planting tree seedlings D:appearing pro-environmental