Transportation Decision Transportation decision consists of the following parts: 1.Selection of the mode is determined by the consideration of distance,cargo weights,linkage,timing and other requirements.Generally speaking,rail has high fixed cost and the relatively low variable cost.It can move heavy,large quantity of cargo in the long distance.But,rail is disadvantaged because of the longer transit time and less frequent service than motor. Motor carriers such as truck companies offer door-to-door service,that is,the cargo can be shipped from the shipper＇swarehouse to the consignee＇s.Trucking fixed cost is the lowest of any carrier,because the equipment is fairly cheap and the motor carriers do not have to invest in the roads on which they run their operations.However,their variable costs are very high.Its expenses include two major components:firstly,the pick-up and delivery costs;secondly,there are gas or fuel costs,labor expenses and toll roads fees to be paid to highway and toll road operators Therefore,motor transport is good for cargo with small quantity to be shipped within short distances. Water is the predominant choice of transportation as it has the capacity to take greatest quantity,travel longest distance with lowest cost.Transport by sea accounts for 80% of in-ternational trade.The major expenses for water are expenses associated with investment and maintenance of the ships and terminals.For example,a 100000-ton container ship costs US$ 200 million.Terminal associated costs include harbor fees and the cost for loading and unloading the goods. Transport by air has the highest cost but it is fast with the lowest ratio of loss and dam-age.If you need to deliver an urgent order,there is little choice but by air. 2.Transport service provider is selected for its experiences,equipment,services and prices.Competitive in the transport industry usually drives the prices down and motivates for better services.A company also chooses its transport service provider because of its long-standing business relationship with certain shipping companies. 3.The alternative routing and scheduling is specific for motor only because railway and water have strict route and timetable.Motor has special advantage in terms of flexibility.It has the ability to load goods at greater frequency,travel through different routes and making deliveries to different loca-tions.Questions:

Which mode account for most delivery in international trade?( )

A:By railway. B:By water. C:By air. D:By trucks.

The Commercial Revolution was not confined, of course, to the growth of trade and banking. Included in it also were fundamental changes in methods of production. The system of manufacture developed by the craft guilds in the later Middle Ages was rapidly becoming defunct. The guilds themselves, dominated by the master craftsmen, had grown selfish and exclusive. Membership in them was commonly restricted to a few privileged families. Besides, they were so completely choked by tradition that they were unable to make adjustments to changing conditions. Moreover, new industries had sprung up entirely outside the guild system. Characteristic examples were mining and smelting and the woolen industry. The rapid development of these enterprises was stimulated by technical advances, such as the invention of the spinning wheel and the discovery of a new method of making brass, which saved about half of the fuel previously used. In the mining and smelting industries a form of organization was adopted similar to that which has prevailed ever since.
But the most typical form of industrial production in the Commercial Revolution was the domestic system, developed first of all in the woolen industry. The domestic system derives its name from the fact that the work was done in the homes of industrial artisans instead of in the shop of a master craftsman. Since the various jobs in the manufacture of a product were given out on contract, the system is also known as the putting out system. Notwithstanding the petty scale of production, the organization was basically capitalistic. The raw material was purchased by an entrepreneur and assigned to individual worker, each of whom would complete his allotted task for a stipulated payment. In the case of the woolen industry the yarn would be given out first of all to the spinners, then to the weavers, fullers, and dyer in succession. When the cloth was finally finished, it would be taken by the clothier and sold in the open market for the highest price it would bring.
According to the article, what changes did the Commercial Revolution bring about

A:Methods of production B:Appearance of craft guilds C:Increased trade volume D:Growth of trade, banking and methods of production

The Commercial Revolution was not confined, of course, to the growth of trade and banking. Included in it also were fundamental changes in methods of production. The system of manufacture developed by the craft guilds in the later Middle Ages was rapidly becoming defunct. The guilds themselves, dominated by the master craftsmen, had grown selfish and exclusive. Membership in them was commonly restricted to a few privileged families. Besides, they were so completely choked by tradition that they were unable to make adjustments to changing conditions. Moreover, new industries had sprung up entirely outside the guild system. Characteristic examples were mining and smelting and the woolen industry. The rapid development of these enterprises was stimulated by technical advances, such as the invention of the spinning wheel and the discovery of a new method of making brass, which saved about half of the fuel previously used. In the mining and smelting industries a form of organization was adopted similar to that which has prevailed ever since.
But the most typical form of industrial production in the Commercial Revolution was the domestic system, developed first of all in the woolen industry. The domestic system derives its name from the fact that the work was done in the homes of industrial artisans instead of in the shop of a master craftsman. Since the various jobs in the manufacture of a product were given out on contract, the system is also known as the putting out system. Notwithstanding the petty scale of production, the organization was basically capitalistic. The raw material was purchased by an entrepreneur and assigned to individual worker, each of whom would complete his allotted task for a stipulated payment. In the case of the woolen industry the yarn would be given out first of all to the spinners, then to the weavers, fullers, and dyer in succession. When the cloth was finally finished, it would be taken by the clothier and sold in the open market for the highest price it would bring.

A:Methods of production B:Appearance of craft guilds C:Increased trade volume D:Growth of trade, banking and methods of production

What does the author imply by saying “living space.., is figured.., also in cubic volume______above the earth”( in para 3 )

A:Our living space on the earth is getting smaller and smaller B:Our living space should be measured in cubic volume C:We need to take some measures to protect space D:We must create better living conditions for both birds and animals

It is implied in the first sentence that the failure of Millennium trade round could be attributed to

A:factors other than a movement. B:violent labor disputes. C:mislead political motivations. D:troubled trade unions.

The barriers to trade may take any form including import duties，import licenses，export licenses，import quotas，tariffs，subsidies and( )to trade．

A:export system B:international trade policy C:import system D:non-tariff barrier

International trade is different from domestic trade, please point out which of the following descriptions is not right( )

A:International trade is more costly B:International trade is less costly C:International trade is restricted to trade in goods and services D:International trade is also a branch of economics

Questions from 36 to 40 are based on the following passage: In addition to visible trade, which involves the import and export of goods, there is also invisible trade, which involves the exchange of services between countries. Transportation service across national boundaries is an important kind of invisible trade. International transportation involves different means of transport such as ocean ships, planes, trains, trucks and inland water vessels. However, the most important of them is maritime ships. When an export arranges shipment, he generally books space in the cargo compartment of a ship or charters a whole vessel. Some countries such as Greece and Norway have large maritime fleets and earn a lot by way of this invisible trade. Insurance is another important kind of invisible trade. In the course of transportation, a cargo is vulnerable to many risks such as collision, pilferage, fire, storm, exploration, and even war. Goods being transported in international trade must be insured against loss or damage. Large insurance companies provide service for international trade and earn fees for other nations’ foreign trade. Lloyd’s of London is a leading exporter of this service. Tourism is yet another important form of invisible trade. Many countries may have beautiful scenery, wonderful attractions, places of historical interest, or merely a mild and sunny climate. These countries attract large numbers of tourists, who spend money for traveling, hotel accommodations, meals, taxis, and so on. Some countries depend heavily on tourism for their foreign exchange earnings, and many countries are making great efforts to develop their tourism. The fourth type of invisible trade meriting attention is called immigrant remittance. This refers to the money sent back to home countries by people working in a foreign land. Import and export of labor service may be undertaken by individuals, or organized by companies or even by states. And this is becoming an important kind of invisible trade for some countries. Invisible trade can be as important to some countries as visible trade is to others. In reality, the kinds of trade nations engage in are varied and complex, often a mixture of visible and invisible trade.

A:visible trade B:invisible trade C:combination of the two D:commodity trade

Questions from 36 to 40 are based on the following passage: China’s trade volume surged in 2010. The development wasn’t only in quantity, but also in quality — namely structure diversification. The European Union, the United States and Japan remained China’s top 3 largest trading partners in 2010. But trade volumes between China and other emerging economies increased also. Bilateral trade volumes between China and other BRIC nations — Brazil, Russia and India — all jumped more than 40 percent. That made India China’s tenth largest trading partner. Huang Guohua, Statistics Department Director of General Administration of Customs said “Trade volume between China and emerging economies increased faster than that with the traditional market. It indicates that China’s foreign trade is diversifying, and showing less dependence on the traditional partners. It’s a good way to reduce risks.” Data also shows that foreign trade volumes developed dramatically in China’s middle and western areas last year. Although the southern province of Guangdong still topped others in the total volume of import and export. Huang Guohua said “The export volume of middle and western areas surged over 40 percent year on year in 2010. The speed was 10 percentage points higher than the country’s total. It indicates that industrial structure has improved in these areas.” The import and export volume of private enterprises surged faster than the country’s average in 2010, with 47 percent year on year growth. Experts say China’s foreign trade development reduced dependence on foreign-funded enterprises. 2010 imports and exports reached a historical high with a strong sign that the country’s trade sector has shrugged off the global economic recession. What indicates that industrial structure has improved in middle and western areas（ ）

A:Trade volumes between China and other emerging economies increased also. B:Trade volume between China and emerging economies increased faster than that with the traditional market. C:The southern province of Guangdong still topped others in the total volume of import and export. D:The speed was 10 percentage points higher than the country’s total.