Income

    Income may be national income and personal income. Whereas national income is defined as the total earned income of all the factors of production—namely 1, profits, interest, rent, wages, and other compensation for labor, personal income may be defined as total money income received by individuals before personal taxes are paid. National income does not equal GNP(Gross National Product)because the factors of production do not receive payment for either capital consumption allowances or indirect business taxes, both of which are included in GNP. The money put aside for capital consumption is for replacement and thus is not counted as income 2. Indirect taxes include sales taxes, property taxes, and excise taxes that are paid by businesses directly to the government and so reduce the income left to pay for the factors of production. Three-fourths of national income goes for 3 wages, salaries, and other forms of compensation to employees.

    Whereas national income shows the income that the factors of production earn, personal income measures the income that individuals or households receive. Corporation profits are included in national income because they are earned. Out of these profits, however, corporation profit taxes must be paid to government, and some money must be put into the business for expansion. Only that part of profits distributed as dividends goes to the individual; therefore, out of corporation profits only dividends count as personal income. The factors of production earn money for social security and unemployment insurance contributions, but this money goes to government(which is not a factor of production), not to individuals. It is therefore part of national income but not part of personal income.

    On the other hand, money received by individuals when they collect social security or unemployment compensation is not money earned but money received. Interest received on government bonds 4 is also in this category, because much of the money received from the sale of bonds went to pay for war production and that production no longer furnishes a service to 5 the economy.

    The money people receive as personal income may be either spent or saved. However, not all spending is completely voluntary. A significant portion of our income goes to pay personal taxes. Most workers never receive the money they pay in personal taxes, because it is withheld from their paychecks 6. The money that individuals are left with 7 after they have met their tax obligations is disposable personal income. Disposable income can be divided between personal consumption expenditures and personal savings. It is important to remember that personal saving is what is left after spending.

词汇：

GNP(Gross National Product)国民生产总值 indirect taxes 间接税

sales taxes 销售税 property taxes 财产税 excise taxes 消费税

corporation profit taxes 公司利润税 dividend ["dɪvɪdend]红利;股息;债息

social security (美国的)社会保障制度;社会保险(制度);社会保险金

withhold [wɪð"həʊld] 使停止;阻挡;拒给;隐瞒;克制

disposable [dɪˈspəʊzəbl]可自由使用的;可任意处理的

 

注释：

1.namely：即；也就是。例如：Only one boy was absent，namely Harry.只有一个男孩缺席，那就是哈里。
2.…thus is not counted as income…：……因此不能算收入……count可作动词和不及物动词。例如：There will be ten guests，not counting the children.孩子不算，将有10个客人。
3.go for…：用于
4.interest received on government bonds…：政府债券所得利息……
5.furnishes a service to…：对……提供服务
6.…because it is withheld from their paychecks.：……因为它从他们的工资卡上被扣除了。
7.The money that individuals are left with…：个人余留下来的钱……

According to this passage,the money you get as interest from governhment bonds is____.

A:the money earned B:the money not earned but received C:the money received for the contribution you have made to the economy D:the money earned for the service you have furnished to the economy

Questions from 31 to 35 are based on the following passage:
　　The exporter, as drawer of a draft (bill of exchange), hands the draft to his bank, the remitting bank, who in turn forwards it to the buyer through a collecting bank in the buyer’s country. A draft (also called a bill) is a written order to a bank or a customer to pay someone on demand or at a fixed time in the future a certain sum of money. If shipping documents accompany the draft, the collection is called “documentary collection.”
　　Documentary collection falls into two major categories: one is documents against payment(D/P); the other, documents against acceptance (D/A).
　　Documents against payment, as the term suggests, is that the collecting bank will only give the shipping documents representing the title to the goods on the condition that the buyer makes payment.
　　Where the paying arrangement is D/A, the collecting bank will only give the buyer the shipping documents after buyer’s acceptance of the bill drawn on him, i.e. the buyer signs his name on the bill promising to pay the sum when it matures. In return he gets what he needs – the shipping documents.
　　Under D/A, the seller gives up the title to the goods – shipping documents before he gets payment of the goods. Therefore, an exporter must think twice before he accepts such paying arrangement.

Under D/A , the importer can gets what he needs – the shipping documents only by（）.

A:showing the bill of lading B:paying in cash C:making acceptance of the bill of exchange D:paying the bill of exchange

设测距机的发射频率为fo，它的接收信号频率（）。

A:等于发射频率 B:为fo－63MHz C:为fo＋63MHz D:为fo±63MHz中的一个

FO值

As people age and need more help with daily activities, such as bathing or taking medication, moving to a facility that provides some assistance, without sacrificing independence, may be an option. This type of environment, known as assisted living, has emerged in the past two decades as an increasingly available option for housing and long-term care. The growth of assisted living facilities has leveled off in recent years, however, as the economic downturn hampered new construction and occupancy rates.
In 2007, there were approximately 38 000 assisted living facilities nationwide, serving about 975000 residents. The overwhelming majority of assisted living residents in the United States are female, according to the National Center for Assisted Living. One of the most common types of facilities that provide assisted living are called continuing care retirement communities, which offer a stepwise approach to care, says Kerry Peck, an elder law attorney based in Chicago. "The concept is you age in place," meaning you never have to leave the grounds for housing, he says, "You buy an apartment or cottage, and then as your health declines, the facility agrees to provide continuing care. Some of the most successful centers have independent living, then assisted living, then a nursing home for acute care. "
But much like deciding whether a nursing home is necessary, the decision to move into an assisted living facility is not an easy one. So what factors should you consider when looking for a place to move to Mainly, you should think about what activities you or your loved one need help with. People residing in assisted living facilities may need assistance with any number of daily activities, such as bathing, dressing, using the bathroom, cooking or eating. About 87 percent of residents need help preparing meals, for example, and 81 percent need help with managing or taking their medications, reports the NCAL. Most residents come from living in private homes or apartments; fewer come from living with adult children or other family members, from nursing home facilities, retirement or independent living communities, or another assisted living or group home.
For some people, however, assisted living may not be an option, mostly for financial reasons. Assisted living facilities cost an average of $ 34 000 annually in 2009, compared to about $ 74 000 per year for a nursing home, according to research published in January in Health Affairs. How this expense is paid varies. Residents can buy into a facility by paying a large, upfront sum of money, followed by smaller monthly assessment fees. Or if the resident opts for a facility where he can rent instead, he would pay monthly for the cost of housing and care. The facilities are also mostly located in areas where home values are higher and people nearby have higher incomes.
The facilities are situated in places where ______.

A:residents can buy into a facility by paying a lot of money B:residents are rich and there are a lot of aged people C:there are retirement and independent living communities D:home values are higher and people have higher incomes

As people age and need more help with daily activities, such as bathing or taking medication, moving to a facility that provides some assistance, without sacrificing independence, may be an option. This type of environment, known as assisted living, has emerged in the past two decades as an increasingly available option for housing and long-term care. The growth of assisted living facilities has leveled off in recent years, however, as the economic downturn hampered new construction and occupancy rates.
In 2007, there were approximately 38 000 assisted living facilities nationwide, serving about 975000 residents. The overwhelming majority of assisted living residents in the United States are female, according to the National Center for Assisted Living. One of the most common types of facilities that provide assisted living are called continuing care retirement communities, which offer a stepwise approach to care, says Kerry Peck, an elder law attorney based in Chicago. "The concept is you age in place," meaning you never have to leave the grounds for housing, he says, "You buy an apartment or cottage, and then as your health declines, the facility agrees to provide continuing care. Some of the most successful centers have independent living, then assisted living, then a nursing home for acute care. "
But much like deciding whether a nursing home is necessary, the decision to move into an assisted living facility is not an easy one. So what factors should you consider when looking for a place to move to Mainly, you should think about what activities you or your loved one need help with. People residing in assisted living facilities may need assistance with any number of daily activities, such as bathing, dressing, using the bathroom, cooking or eating. About 87 percent of residents need help preparing meals, for example, and 81 percent need help with managing or taking their medications, reports the NCAL. Most residents come from living in private homes or apartments; fewer come from living with adult children or other family members, from nursing home facilities, retirement or independent living communities, or another assisted living or group home.
For some people, however, assisted living may not be an option, mostly for financial reasons. Assisted living facilities cost an average of $ 34 000 annually in 2009, compared to about $ 74 000 per year for a nursing home, according to research published in January in Health Affairs. How this expense is paid varies. Residents can buy into a facility by paying a large, upfront sum of money, followed by smaller monthly assessment fees. Or if the resident opts for a facility where he can rent instead, he would pay monthly for the cost of housing and care. The facilities are also mostly located in areas where home values are higher and people nearby have higher incomes.

The facilities are situated in places where （）

A:residents can buy into a facility by paying a lot of money B:residents are rich and there are a lot of aged people C:there are retirement and independent living communities D:home values are higher and people have higher incomes

Questions from 36 to 40 are based on the following passage: The exporter, as drawer of a draft (bill of exchange), hands the draft to his bank, the remitting bank, who in turn forwards it to the buyer through a collecting bank in the buyer’s country. A draft (also called a bill) is a written order to a bank or a customer to pay someone on demand or at a fixed time in the future a certain sum of money. If shipping documents accompany the draft, the collection is called “documentary collection.” Documentary collection falls into two major categories: one is documents against payment(D/P); the other, documents against acceptance (D/A). Documents against payment, as the term suggests, is that the collecting bank will only give the shipping documents representing the title to the goods on the condition that the buyer makes payment. Where the paying arrangement is D/A, the collecting bank will only give the buyer the shipping documents after buyer’s acceptance of the bill drawn on him, i.e. the buyer signs his name on the bill promising to pay the sum when it matures. In return he gets what he needs – the shipping documents. Under D/A, the seller gives up the title to the goods – shipping documents before he gets payment of the goods. Therefore, an exporter must think twice before he accepts such paying arrangement.

Under D/P , the importer can obtain the goods only by（）.

A:showing the bill of lading B:signing on the bill of exchange C:paying in cash D:paying or accepting the bill of exchange

Questions from 36 to 40 are based on the following passage: The exporter, as drawer of a draft (bill of exchange), hands the draft to his bank, the remitting bank, who in turn forwards it to the buyer through a collecting bank in the buyer’s country. A draft (also called a bill) is a written order to a bank or a customer to pay someone on demand or at a fixed time in the future a certain sum of money. If shipping documents accompany the draft, the collection is called “documentary collection.” Documentary collection falls into two major categories: one is documents against payment(D/P); the other, documents against acceptance (D/A). Documents against payment, as the term suggests, is that the collecting bank will only give the shipping documents representing the title to the goods on the condition that the buyer makes payment. Where the paying arrangement is D/A, the collecting bank will only give the buyer the shipping documents after buyer’s acceptance of the bill drawn on him, i.e. the buyer signs his name on the bill promising to pay the sum when it matures. In return he gets what he needs – the shipping documents. Under D/A, the seller gives up the title to the goods – shipping documents before he gets payment of the goods. Therefore, an exporter must think twice before he accepts such paying arrangement.

Under D/A , the importer can get what he needs – the shipping documents only by（）.

A:showing the bill of lading B:paying in cash C:making acceptance of the bill of exchange D:paying the bill of exchange

Questions from 31 to 35 are based on the following passage: The exporter, as drawer of a draft (bill of exchange), hands the draft to his bank, the remitting bank, who in turn forwards it to the buyer through a collecting bank in the buyer’s country. A draft (also called a bill) is a written order to a bank or a customer to pay someone on demand or at a fixed time in the future a certain sum of money. If shipping documents accompany the draft, the collection is called “documentary collection.” Documentary collection falls into two major categories: one is documents against payment(D/P); the other, documents against acceptance (D/A). Documents against payment, as the term suggests, is that the collecting bank will only give the shipping documents representing the title to the goods on the condition that the buyer makes payment. Where the paying arrangement is D/A, the collecting bank will only give the buyer the shipping documents after buyer’s acceptance of the bill drawn on him, i.e. the buyer signs his name on the bill promising to pay the sum when it matures. In return he gets what he needs – the shipping documents. Under D/A, the seller gives up the title to the goods – shipping documents before he gets payment of the goods. Therefore, an exporter must think twice before he accepts such paying arrangement.Under D/P , the importer can obtain the goods only by（ ）.

A:showing the bill of lading B:signing on the bill of exchange C:paying in cash D:paying or accepting the bill of exchange

Questions from 31 to 35 are based on the following passage: The exporter, as drawer of a draft (bill of exchange), hands the draft to his bank, the remitting bank, who in turn forwards it to the buyer through a collecting bank in the buyer’s country. A draft (also called a bill) is a written order to a bank or a customer to pay someone on demand or at a fixed time in the future a certain sum of money. If shipping documents accompany the draft, the collection is called “documentary collection.” Documentary collection falls into two major categories: one is documents against payment(D/P); the other, documents against acceptance (D/A). Documents against payment, as the term suggests, is that the collecting bank will only give the shipping documents representing the title to the goods on the condition that the buyer makes payment. Where the paying arrangement is D/A, the collecting bank will only give the buyer the shipping documents after buyer’s acceptance of the bill drawn on him, i.e. the buyer signs his name on the bill promising to pay the sum when it matures. In return he gets what he needs – the shipping documents. Under D/A, the seller gives up the title to the goods – shipping documents before he gets payment of the goods. Therefore, an exporter must think twice before he accepts such paying arrangement.Under D/A , the importer can get what he needs – the shipping documents only by（ ）.

A:showing the bill of lading B:paying in cash C:making acceptance of the bill of exchange D:paying the bill of exchange