Transportation Decision Transportation decision consists of the following parts: 1.Selection of the mode is determined by the consideration of distance,cargo weights,linkage,timing and other requirements.Generally speaking,rail has high fixed cost and the relatively low variable cost.It can move heavy,large quantity of cargo in the long distance.But,rail is disadvantaged because of the longer transit time and less frequent service than motor. Motor carriers such as truck companies offer door-to-door service,that is,the cargo can be shipped from the shipper＇swarehouse to the consignee＇s.Trucking fixed cost is the lowest of any carrier,because the equipment is fairly cheap and the motor carriers do not have to invest in the roads on which they run their operations.However,their variable costs are very high.Its expenses include two major components:firstly,the pick-up and delivery costs;secondly,there are gas or fuel costs,labor expenses and toll roads fees to be paid to highway and toll road operators Therefore,motor transport is good for cargo with small quantity to be shipped within short distances. Water is the predominant choice of transportation as it has the capacity to take greatest quantity,travel longest distance with lowest cost.Transport by sea accounts for 80% of in-ternational trade.The major expenses for water are expenses associated with investment and maintenance of the ships and terminals.For example,a 100000-ton container ship costs US$ 200 million.Terminal associated costs include harbor fees and the cost for loading and unloading the goods. Transport by air has the highest cost but it is fast with the lowest ratio of loss and dam-age.If you need to deliver an urgent order,there is little choice but by air. 2.Transport service provider is selected for its experiences,equipment,services and prices.Competitive in the transport industry usually drives the prices down and motivates for better services.A company also chooses its transport service provider because of its long-standing business relationship with certain shipping companies. 3.The alternative routing and scheduling is specific for motor only because railway and water have strict route and timetable.Motor has special advantage in terms of flexibility.It has the ability to load goods at greater frequency,travel through different routes and making deliveries to different loca-tions.Questions:

What are the advantages of aircraft delivery?( )

A:Safety and punctuality. B:Costly. C:Long distance. D:Deliver heavy loads.

Transportation Decision Transportation decision consists of the following parts: 1.Selection of the mode is determined by the consideration of distance,cargo weights,linkage,timing and other requirements.Generally speaking,rail has high fixed cost and the relatively low variable cost.It can move heavy,large quantity of cargo in the long distance.But,rail is disadvantaged because of the longer transit time and less frequent service than motor. Motor carriers such as truck companies offer door-to-door service,that is,the cargo can be shipped from the shipper＇swarehouse to the consignee＇s.Trucking fixed cost is the lowest of any carrier,because the equipment is fairly cheap and the motor carriers do not have to invest in the roads on which they run their operations.However,their variable costs are very high.Its expenses include two major components:firstly,the pick-up and delivery costs;secondly,there are gas or fuel costs,labor expenses and toll roads fees to be paid to highway and toll road operators Therefore,motor transport is good for cargo with small quantity to be shipped within short distances. Water is the predominant choice of transportation as it has the capacity to take greatest quantity,travel longest distance with lowest cost.Transport by sea accounts for 80% of in-ternational trade.The major expenses for water are expenses associated with investment and maintenance of the ships and terminals.For example,a 100000-ton container ship costs US$ 200 million.Terminal associated costs include harbor fees and the cost for loading and unloading the goods. Transport by air has the highest cost but it is fast with the lowest ratio of loss and dam-age.If you need to deliver an urgent order,there is little choice but by air. 2.Transport service provider is selected for its experiences,equipment,services and prices.Competitive in the transport industry usually drives the prices down and motivates for better services.A company also chooses its transport service provider because of its long-standing business relationship with certain shipping companies. 3.The alternative routing and scheduling is specific for motor only because railway and water have strict route and timetable.Motor has special advantage in terms of flexibility.It has the ability to load goods at greater frequency,travel through different routes and making deliveries to different loca-tions.Questions:

Which mode account for most delivery in international trade?( )

A:By railway. B:By water. C:By air. D:By trucks.

Drug Resistance¹ Fades Quickly in Key AIDS² Drug

    One of the main weapons to prevent mother-to-child transmission of the AIDS virus during birth is the drug nevirapine³. But when nevirapine is used alone just once，HTV⁴ starts becoming resistant to it. Research in Botswanashows that the resistance is not long lasting and that this affordable drug does not have to be abandoned forever by infected mothers who have already taken it.

    International medical guidelines call for⁵ pregnant women with advanced HTV to get a combination of AIDS drugs including nevirapine to prevent passing their infection on to their newborns during delivery. But in poor countries, combinations have been expensive and nevirapine has often been used alone，since studies have shown that a single dose can cut the transmission rate in half.

    The problem is that HIV resistance builds against it quickly when used alone just once because other drugs are not present to kill the virus particles that survive nevirapine. This renders the drug less effective in later combinations for treating women after their baby is born. But the new study fromBotswanashows that nevirapine can make a comeback for these women if they wait until the resistance subsides.

    "The further out you get from that exposure to single dose nevirapine, the less detectable nevirapine resistance is⁶，” said Shahin Lockman of the Harvard School of Public Health in Boston⁷. She says waiting period for women who get the single dose of nevirapine at delivery can be as short as six months. “ If they started nevirapine-based treatment six or more months after nevirapine exposure, their treatment response⁸ was just as good, and really quite high, compared to women who did not have the single dose of nevirapine," she added. “However, the women who started nevirapine-based treatment within six months of that nevirapine exposure were much more likely to experience treatment failure. ”

    The study published in the New England Journal of Medicine⁹ shows that waiting at least six months means that HIV-positive women are 70 percent more likely to benefit from nevirapine-based drug combinations again than women who get them sooner. An official with theU. S.government health agency that helped fund the study calls it very important.

    Lynne Mofenson is chief of research on child, adolescent, and maternal AIDS at the U. S. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development¹⁰. She says the finding supports a World Health Organization (WHO)¹¹ recommendation restricting a single dose of nevirapine only to pregnant HIV-infected women who are healthy enough to wait six months after childbirth for more nevirapine-based therapy. Otherwise, they should get other drugs during labor. “It shows the importance of screening women for treatment while they are pregnant and putting them on appropriate therapy while they are pregnant to avoid having to start them too soon after they received preventive therapy," she explained.

    Shahin Lockman inBostonsays the problem of nevirapine resistance should diminish now that¹² more and more people are receiving combinations of AIDS drugs under expandedU. S.and international programs to deliver them toAfricaand other regions hard hit by the virus.

 

词汇：

fade /feɪd/ vi. 消失 

affordable / ə"fɔ:dəbl / adj. 负担得起的，能提供的
transmission /trænsˈmɪʃn / n. 传播；传染；遗传 

abandon / ə"bændən / vt.  抛弃，放弃
Botswana 博茨瓦纳（非洲）

advanced n. 晚期的
newborn  /ˈnju:bɔ:n/ adj. 新生的；新生儿 

delivery /dɪˈlɪvəri / n. 分娩，生产

dose /dəʊs/ n. （一次）剂量，一剂
render / ˈrendə(r) / v. 使得，致使

comeback /ˈkʌmbæk/ n. 东山再起；还原；补偿
detectable /diˈtektəbl/ adj.可查明的；可找出的 

positive  /ˈpɒzətɪv/ adj. 阳性的
adolescent /ˌædəˈlesnt/ adj. 青年期的，青春的；青少年（12或13岁-20岁）

maternal /məˈtɜ:nl/ adj. 母亲的 

restrict / rɪˈstrɪkt / vt. 限制

pregnant  /ˈpregnənt/ adj. 怀孕的
childbirth /ˈtʃaɪldbɜ:θ/ n. 生孩子，分娩 

therapy /ˈθerəpi/ n. 疗法，治疗
preventive  /prɪˈventɪv/ adj. 预防的 

diminish /dɪˈmɪnɪʃ / vt.  减少，缩小

 

注释：

1.drug resistance:抗药性
2.AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)：获得性免疫缺损综合征，艾滋病
3.nevirapine (NVP):奈韦拉平。一种阻断HIV母婴传播的新药。其品牌名为Viramune。
4. HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)：人体免疫缺损病毒
5.call for:要求；提倡；号召
6.The further out you get from that exposure to single dose nevirapine, the less detectable nevirapine resistance is. ? ?:你月艮用一剂nevirapine之后，时间越长越不易发现(HIV)对 nevirapine的抗药性……get out from:从……离开，从……出发（在本句中如直译就是： 从……走出去,走得越远就越……）。exposure to:暴露；接触（在本句中如直译就是：接触 一剂 nevirapine) 0
7.Harvard School of Public Health in Boston:波士顿哈佛公共卫生学院
8.response的原意是“反应，应答”，但在医学文献中常用来指“疗效”，此处treatment response 就更加明显。
9.New England Journal of Medicine ：《新英格兰医药杂志》。New England是美国东北部 Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island 和 Connecticut 六州的总称。
10. U. S. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHHD):美国国立儿童 健康与人类发展研究所
11.World Health Organization (WHO)：世界卫生组织
12.now that:既然，因为

When may a woman start her nevirapine-based treatment if she gets the single dose of nevirapine at delivery?

A:She may start nevirapine-based treatment soon after her delivery B:She may start nevirapine-based treatment within six months after her delivery C:She has to wait at least six months after that nevirapine exposure D:She may wait several years so as to achieve the best effect

Questions from 31 to 35 are based on the following passage:
　　The exporter, as drawer of a draft (bill of exchange), hands the draft to his bank, the remitting bank, who in turn forwards it to the buyer through a collecting bank in the buyer’s country. A draft (also called a bill) is a written order to a bank or a customer to pay someone on demand or at a fixed time in the future a certain sum of money. If shipping documents accompany the draft, the collection is called “documentary collection.”
　　Documentary collection falls into two major categories: one is documents against payment(D/P); the other, documents against acceptance (D/A).
　　Documents against payment, as the term suggests, is that the collecting bank will only give the shipping documents representing the title to the goods on the condition that the buyer makes payment.
　　Where the paying arrangement is D/A, the collecting bank will only give the buyer the shipping documents after buyer’s acceptance of the bill drawn on him, i.e. the buyer signs his name on the bill promising to pay the sum when it matures. In return he gets what he needs – the shipping documents.
　　Under D/A, the seller gives up the title to the goods – shipping documents before he gets payment of the goods. Therefore, an exporter must think twice before he accepts such paying arrangement.

The meaning of D/A is（）.

A:documents against acceptance B:documents against payment C:delivery after payment D:cash against payment

One of the main weapons to prevent mother-to-child transmission of the AIDS virus during birth is the drug nevirapine. But when nevirapine is used alone just once, HIV starts becoming resistant to it. Research in Botswana shows that the resistance is not long lasting and that this affordable drug does not have to be abandoned forever by infected mothers who have already taken it.
International medical guidelines call for pregnant women with advanced HIV to get a combination of AIDS drugs including nevirapine to prevent passing their infection on to their newborns during delivery. But in poor countries, combinations have been expensive and nevirapine has often been used alone, since studies have shown that a single dose can cut the transmission rate in half.
The problem is that HIV resistance builds against it quickly when used alone just once because other drugs are not present to kill the virus particles that survive nevirapine. This renders the drug less effective in later combinations for treating women after their baby is born. But the new study from Botswana shows that nevirapine can make a comeback for these women if they wait until the resistance subsides.
"The further out you get from that exposure to single dose nevirapine, the less detectable nevirapine resistance is, " said Shahin Lockman of the Harvard School of Public Health in Boston. She says waiting period for women who get the single dose of nevirapine at delivery can be as short as six months. "If they started nevirapine-based treatment six or more months after nevirapine exposure, their treatment response was just as good, and really quite high, compared to women who did not have the single dose of nevirapine, " she added. "However, the women who started nevirapine-based treatment within six months of that nevirapine exposure were much more likely to experience treatment failure. "
The study published in the New England Journal of Medicine shows that waiting at least six months means that HIV-positive women are 70 percent more likely to benefit from nevirapine-based drug combinations again than women who get them sooner. An official with the U. S. government health agency that helped fund the study calls it very important.
Lynne Mofenson is chief of research on child, adolescent, and maternal AIDS at the U. S. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. She says the finding supports a World Health Organization (WHO) recommendation restricting a single dose of nevirapine only to pregnant HIV-infected women who are healthy enough to wait six months after childbirth for more nevirapine-based therapy. Otherwise, they should get other drugs during labor. "It shows the importance of screening women for treatment while they are pregnant and putting them on appropriate therapy while they are pregnant to avoid having to start them too soon after they received preventive therapy, " she explained.
Shahin Lockman in Boston says the problem of nevirapine resistance should diminish now that more and more people are receiving combinations of AIDS drugs under expanded U. S. and international programs to deliver them to Africa and other regions hard hit by the virus.
When may a woman start her nevirapine-based treatment if she gets the single dose of nevirapine at delivery

A:She may start nevirapine-based treatment soon after her delivery. B:She may start nevirapine-based treatment within six months after her delivery. C:She has to wait at least six months after that nevirapine exposure. D:She may wait several years so as to achieve the best effect.

Questions from 36 to 40 are based on the following passage: The exporter, as drawer of a draft (bill of exchange), hands the draft to his bank, the remitting bank, who in turn forwards it to the buyer through a collecting bank in the buyer’s country. A draft (also called a bill) is a written order to a bank or a customer to pay someone on demand or at a fixed time in the future a certain sum of money. If shipping documents accompany the draft, the collection is called “documentary collection.” Documentary collection falls into two major categories: one is documents against payment(D/P); the other, documents against acceptance (D/A). Documents against payment, as the term suggests, is that the collecting bank will only give the shipping documents representing the title to the goods on the condition that the buyer makes payment. Where the paying arrangement is D/A, the collecting bank will only give the buyer the shipping documents after buyer’s acceptance of the bill drawn on him, i.e. the buyer signs his name on the bill promising to pay the sum when it matures. In return he gets what he needs – the shipping documents. Under D/A, the seller gives up the title to the goods – shipping documents before he gets payment of the goods. Therefore, an exporter must think twice before he accepts such paying arrangement.

The meaning of D/A is（）.

A:documents against acceptance B:documents against payment C:delivery after payment D:cash against payment

Vessel or Agents （） no responsibility for security, delivery or damage to cargo after delivery to receiving agency.

A:assure B:agree C:accept D:assume

Vessel or Agents （） no responsibility for security, delivery or damage to cargo after delivery to receiving agency.

A:assure B:agree C:accept D:assume

Vessel or Agents ______ no responsibility for security, delivery or damage to cargo after delivery to receiving agency.

A:assure B:agree C:accept D:assume