In some early attempts by psychologists to describe the basic learning process, the terms ’stimulus’, ’response’ and ’reinforcement’ were introduced. In an educational setting, these (1) could be defined as follows. When a teacher gives an (2) , or sets a problem, or asks a question, the pupil (3) in some way, and the teacher then tells the pupil if he has responded correctly. The teacher’s first action is called the (4) . The pupil’s action, carrying out the instruction, or solving the problem, or answering the question, is (5) the response. When the teacher tells the pupil his response is (6) , the bond between the stimulus and the response is strengthened and reinforcement is positive. If the response is incorrect, the bond is weakened, and reinforcement is (7)
Some psychologists laid great (8) on the importance of reinforcement for continued learning. They (9) that if a learner is not given information about his responses (feedback) he may not continue to respond. (10) , if his homework is not marked regularly, he will stop doing it. If in class, the answers he gives to the teacher’s questions are (11) or brushed aside, he will stop trying to give any.
Educational psychologists are, (12) , moving away from this simple, early (13) of the basic learning process. The effects of feedback, for example, are seen to be more (14) than this description suggests. Feedback does not merely positively or negatively (15) the stimulus-response bond. It may (16) confirm previously learned meanings and associations, correct mistakes, (17) misunderstandings and show how well or badly different parts of the material have been learned. Thus (18) may have the effect of increasing the learner’s confidence, backing up his previously (19) knowledge, and showing him which items he has not (20) grasped.

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C, and D on ANSWER SHEET 1.13（）

A:simple B:complex C:particular D:necessary

Which of the following is true about the difference between great art and simple entertainment according the author

A:Great art is easy to understand while simple entertainment is not. B:Simple entertainment gives us pleasure while great art never does. C:Great art can sharpen ones' insight into life and other people while simple entertainment can not. D:Simple entertainment can make a person forget his trouble while great art can not.

In the following essay, each blank has four choices. Choose the best answer and write down on the answer sheet.
In recent years, there has been a dramatic increase in the range of media used to (71) information. Initially, communication was limited to simple forms of (72) such as voice and paper. This century, however, has witnessed the introduction of a greater variety of media types such as the telephone and visual forms of media. In the latter part of the century, this trend has accelerated and there is now a wide range of media types available to convey information. These advances provide a great opportunity for new developments in a range of areas such as education and commerce. However, there are also a number of problems associated with the growth of (73) in society. In particular, there is a great danger of creating information (74) . This problem can be seen, for example, in business where executives are required to make decisions based on an ever increasing variety and volume of information. (75) problems are also occurring in areas such as government, health care and education.

（75）是（）

A:Simple B:Different C:hard D:Similar

In the following essay, each blank has four choices. Choose the best answer and write down on the answer sheet.
In recent years, there has been a dramatic increase in the range of media used to  （）  information. Initially, communication was limited to simple forms of  （）  such as voice and paper. This century, however, has witnessed the introduction of a greater variety of media types such as the telephone and visual forms of media. In the latter part of the century, this trend has accelerated and there is now a wide range of media types available to convey information. These advances provide a great opportunity for new developments in a range of areas such as education and commerce. However, there are also a number of problems associated with the growth of  （）  in society. In particular, there is a great danger of creating information  （） . This problem can be seen, for example, in business where executives are required to make decisions based on an ever increasing variety and volume of information.  （）  problems are also occurring in areas such as government, health care and education.

（） problems are also occurring in areas such as government, health care and education.

A:Simple B:Different C:hard D:Similar

Stack is quite simple. Many computer systems have stacks built into their circuitry. They also have machine-level instructions to operate the hardware stack. Stack is ______ in computer systems.

A:useless B:not important C:simple but important D:too simple to be useful

Old Henry and his wife Phoebe loved one another. They were simple ____21____ . Their world was their fruit trees, cornfields and a backyard ____22____ pigs and chickens. The rest of the world was a ____23____ place like stars in the sky. Sometimes, Henry worried about ____24____ . His wife would say, "If you ____25____ talking like that, I will go away and what would you do There is nobody to ____26____ you. " Old Henry knew his wife would never ____27____ him. The only thing he ____28____ was death and the life if his wife died. Knowing she was there, beside him, in the dark, made Henry ____29____ again. In this way, they lived ____30____ in their world. One day, Phoebe became sick and ____31____ . Old Henry watched them put her body in the earth. When people left, he still stood near the tomb for long. At night, he read newspapers ____32____ most of the time, he just sat, looking at the door, ____33____ where Phoebe was and ____34____ he would die. For five months, he lived like this. One day, he went out to cut grass. Just ____35____ the hill, he saw Phoebe again. Yes, there she was, down in the valley, smiling up at him. She was in the same blue dress. She ____36____ a hand and seemed to say, "Come, come with me. " Henry felt the strong pull of a new world ____37____ he and Phoebe would always be together. He gave a ____38____ cry, " Wait, Phoebe, wait for me. I’m coming. " The next day, some farm boys ____39____ Henry at the bottom of the hill. His body was broken. There was a soft, happy smile on his face. The ____40____ smile he had worn when Phoebe was alive.

29（　）.

A:quiet B:lonely C:simple D:gentle

Old Henry and his wife Phoebe loved one another. They were simple ____21____ . Their world was their fruit trees, cornfields and a backyard ____22____ pigs and chickens. The rest of the world was a ____23____ place like stars in the sky. Sometimes, Henry worried about ____24____ . His wife would say, "If you ____25____ talking like that, I will go away and what would you do There is nobody to ____26____ you. " Old Henry knew his wife would never ____27____ him. The only thing he ____28____ was death and the life if his wife died. Knowing she was there, beside him, in the dark, made Henry ____29____ again. In this way, they lived ____30____ in their world. One day, Phoebe became sick and ____31____ . Old Henry watched them put her body in the earth. When people left, he still stood near the tomb for long. At night, he read newspapers ____32____ most of the time, he just sat, looking at the door, ____33____ where Phoebe was and ____34____ he would die. For five months, he lived like this. One day, he went out to cut grass. Just ____35____ the hill, he saw Phoebe again. Yes, there she was, down in the valley, smiling up at him. She was in the same blue dress. She ____36____ a hand and seemed to say, "Come, come with me. " Henry felt the strong pull of a new world ____37____ he and Phoebe would always be together. He gave a ____38____ cry, " Wait, Phoebe, wait for me. I’m coming. " The next day, some farm boys ____39____ Henry at the bottom of the hill. His body was broken. There was a soft, happy smile on his face. The ____40____ smile he had worn when Phoebe was alive.

29（　）.

A:quiet B:lonely C:simple D:gentle