单项选择题
单项选择题
Chicken Soup for the Soul：Comfort Food Fights Loneliness
Mashed potatoes, macaroni and cheese, may be bad for your arteries． 1 according to a study in Psychological Science, they’re good for your heart and 2 ．The study focuses on “comfort food1” and how it makes people feel．
"For me 3 ,food has always played a big role in my family,” says Jordan Troisi, a graduate student2 at the University of Buffalo3, and lead author4 on the study．The study came out of the research program of his co—author Shira Gabriel．It has 4 non-human things that may affect human emotions．Some people reduce loneliness by bonding with their 5 TV show, building virtual relationships with a pop song singer or looking at pictures of loved ones．Troisi and Gabriel wondered if comfort food could have the same effect 6 making people
think of their nearest and dearest5.
In one experiment, in order to make 7 feel lonely, the researchers had them write for six minutes about a fight with someone close to them．Others were given an emotionally neutral writing assignment. Then, some people in each 8 wrote about the experience of eating a comfort food and others wrote about eating a new food． 9 ,the researchers had participants 10 questions about their levels of loneliness6．
Writing about a fight with a close person made people feel lonely．But people who were generally 11 in their relationships would feel less lonely by writing about a comfort food．"We have found that comfort foods are consistently associated with those close to us．"says Troisi．"Thinking about or consuming these foods later then serves as a reminder of those close others．"In 12 essays on comfort food, many people wrote about the 13 of eating food with family and friends.
In another experiment, 14 chicken soup in the lab made people think more about relationships, but only if7 they considered chicken soup to be a comfort food．This was a question they had been asked long before the experiment, along with many other questions, so they wouldn’t remember it.
Throughout everyone’s daily lives8 they experience stress, often associated with our 15 with others," Troisi says．"Comfort food Can be an easy remedy for loneliness．
词汇：
mashed /mæʃt/ adj．被捣成糊浆的
macaroni/ macaroni/ n．通心粉
cheese / tʃi:z / n．奶酪
artery/ artery / n．动脉
assignment / ə"sainmənt / n．指定作业
reminder / reminder/ n．起提醒作用的东西
remedy /remedy/ n．治疗方法，药物
virtual/"və:tʃuəl/ adj．虚拟的
注释：
1.comfort food：爽心食品
2. graduate student：研究生
3. The University of Buffalo：布法罗大学，建校于1846 年，位于水牛城（ Buffalo City) ，属于纽约州立大学，因此称为纽约州立大学水牛城分校。
4. lead author：首席作者
5. their nearest and dearest：他们最接近和最亲爱的人
6. levels of loneliness：孤独程度
7. only if: 只有（在……情况下）
8. Throughout everyone"s daily lives：在每一个人的日常生活中。through 有“贯穿”的意思。
空7
A:professors B:participants C:assistants D:scientists
Climate Change Poses Major Risks for Unprepared Cities
A new examination of urban policies has been 1 recently by Patricia Romero Lankao．She is a sociologist specializing in climate change and 2 development．She warns that many of the world’s fast-growing urban areas，especially in developing countries．will likely1 suffer from the impacts of changing climate．Her work also concludes that most cities are failing to 3 emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse 4 ．These gases are known to affect the atmosphere．”Climate change is a deeply local issue and poses profound threats to the growing cities of the world,” says Romero Lankao. ”But too few cities are developing effective strategies to 5 their residents."
Cities are 6 sources of greenhouse gases．And urban populations are likely to2 be among those most severely affected by future climate change. Lankao’s findings3 highlight ways in which city-residents are particularly vulnerable, and suggest policy interventions that could offer immediate and longer-term 7 ．
The locations and dense construction patterns of cities often place their populations at greater risk for natural disasters. Potential 8 associated with climate include storm surges4 and prolonged hot weather. Storm surges can flood coastal areas and prolonged hot weather can heat 9 paved cities5 more than surrounding areas．The impacts of such natural events can be more serious in an urban environment．For example，a prolonged heat wave can increase existing levels of air pollution，causing widespread health problems．Poorer neighborhoods that may 10 basic facilities such as drinking water or a dependable network of roads，are especially vulnerable to natural disasters．Many residents in poorer countries live in substandard housing 11 access to reliable drinking water，roads and basic services.
Local governments, 12 ,should take measures to protect their residents.”Unfortunately，they tend to move towards rhetoric 13 meaningful responses6, Romero Lankao writes, ” They don’t impose construction standards that could reduce heating and air conditioning needs. They don"t emphasize mass transit and reduce 14 use. In fact, many local governments are taking a hands—off approach7.” Thus, she urges them to change their 15 policies and to take strong steps to prevent the harmful effects of climate change on cities.
词汇：
vulnerable / "vʌlnərəbl / adj ．易受伤害的
infrastructure / "infrə,strʌktʃə / n ．基础设施
sociologist /,səusi"ɔlədʒist /n．社会学家
substandard / ,sʌb"stændəd / adj．标准以下的
dioxide / dai"ɔksaid / ．二氧化物
floodplain /"flʌdplein / n ．泛滥平原
注释：
1. likely：很可能，或许。在本句中用作副词。
2. be likely to：很可能。likely 在本句中是形容词，用作表语。
3. findings：调查结果
4. storm surges：风暴潮
5. paved cities：铺上沥青路面的城市
6. spring up：涌现
7. rhetoric . . . responses：修辞反应。这个词的意思是：（地方政府）话讲得很漂亮，但内容空洞。
8. a hands-off approach：一种不插手的政策
空7
A:uses B:chances C:cures D:benefits
Aspirin — a New Miracle Drug
1. Using aspirin, an over-the-counter pill on sale1 in every supermarket without a prescription, to treat serious circulatory disease may seem almost like quackery. But today doctors recognize this drug as a potent compound as important as antibiotics, digitalis and other miracle drugs.
2. In its natural form as willow bark and leaves, this remarkable remedy dates back to Hippocrates2. In 1829 the chemical in the willow tree that can relieve pain and reduce fever was discovered to be salicin. By 1899 the Bayer Company in Germanyhad marketed a variant, acetylsalicylic acid,3 under the name of aspirin.
3. Since then, aspirin and confounds containing aspirin have been taken by tens of millions of arthritis patients. As a pain killer aspirin is, according to one study, more effective than all other analgesics and narcotics available for oral use. It also acts on4 the body’s thermostat, turning down fever.
4. But some of its powers remained unsuspected until recently. In 1950 the late Dr. Craven wrote to a small western medical journal about 400 overweight, sedentary male patients to whom he had given one or two aspirin tablets a day. None had had a heart attack. He enlarged his group to 8,000 and in 1956 reported：”Not a single case of detectable coronary or cerebral thrombosis5 ” and “no major stroke” had occurred in patients who had taken one or two tablets daily for from one to ten years. But his observations were largely ignored.
5. Then Dr. Vane proved that aspirin turned off the body’s prostaglandins6 hormonelike chemicals that can be secreted by every cell. Some potent prostaglandins are harmful compounds that create fever, pain and arthritis. One of them stimulates platelets in the blood to begin forming clots inside arteries. Aspirin blocks this dangerous effect.
6. Vane’s finding caused some researchers to recall Craven’s 1956 observations, which now had a possible scientific explanation. Numerous studies were begun to find out whether aspirin could indeed inhibit heart attacks and stroke.
7. In 1972, tenUSmedical institutions began two “double-blind” trials7 of 303 patients who suffered from transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)8. Four aspirin tablets a day were given to 153 patients, while placebo tablets were given to 150. Neither patients nor doctors knew which was which. After six months, the patients on aspirin had experienced much fewer TIAs, and fewer strokes and deaths from strokes than the “controls”. The results were so conclusive that aspirin has been used for this purpose widely.
词汇：
quackery/ˈkwækəri/ n.江湖医术
narcotic/nɑ:ˈkɔtɪk/ n.麻醉药；adj.麻醉的
potent /ˈpəutənt/ adj.有效力的
thermostat/ˈθɜ:məˌstæt/ n.恒温器
antibiotic/ˌæntɪbaɪˈɔtɪk，ˌæntaɪ-/ n.抗生素；adj.抗生的
sedentary /ˈsednˌteri:/ adj.坐着的
digitalis/ˌdidʒiˈteilis/ n.毛地黄，洋地黄
prostaglandin/ˌprɔstəˈglændɪn/n. 前列腺素
willow/ˈwiləu/ n.柳树
platelet/ˈpleitlit/ n.（血）小板
bark/bɑ:k/n. 树皮
clot/klɒt/n. 凝块，血块
salicin/ˈsælisin/n. 水杨醇葡萄糖甙（镇痛药）
artery/ˈɑ:təri/n. 动脉
variant/ˈveəri:ənt，ˈvær-/n. 变种；adj.变异的
placebo/pləˈsi:bəʊ/n. 安慰剂，安慰剂治疗
arthritis/ɑ:ˈθraɪtɪs/n. 关节炎
control/kənˈtrəul/n. 对照，对照物
analgesic/kənˈtrəul/ n.止痛药；adj.止痛的
注释：
1.an over-the-counter pill on sale：摆在柜台上（不需处方）出售的药丸pill：药丸，丸剂on sale：（商店的货物等供）出售的
2.this remarkable remedy dates back to Hippocrates：这种疗效显着的治疗剂可以回溯到希波克拉底时代date back to：追溯，回溯至Hippocrates：希波克拉底（公元前460 –公元前370），希腊医生，世称“医学之父”
3.acetylsalicylic acid：乙酰水杨酸
4.act on：对……起作用
5.coronary or cerebral thrombosis ：冠状动脉血栓（形成）或者脑血栓（形成）
6.turn off the body’s prostaglandins：改变身体前列腺素的有害作用turn off：避开（问题等）；使改变方向
7.“double-blind”trial：“双盲”试验（指在药物临床评价时不让病人和医务人员知道所试药物究属何种）
8.transient ischemic attack (TIA)：一次性缺血发作
A Confirmation of the New EffectB Pain-relieving and Fever-reducing Effects of Aspirin
C The Ignored Significant Observations
D The Origin of Aspirin
E An Explanation of Craven’s Observations
F Further Findings of Dr. VaneParagraph 7
A:A B:B C:C D:D E:E F:F
One Good Reason to Let Smallpox Live
It’s now a fair bet that we will never see the total extinction of the smallpox virus. The idea was to cap the glorious achievement of 1980，when smallpox was eradicated in the wild, by destroying the killer virus in the last two labs that are supposed to have it — one in the US and one in Russia. If smallpox had truly gone from the planet, what point was there in keeping these reserves?
1 reality, of course, it was naive to 2 that everyone would let 3 of such a potent potential weapon.1 Undoubtedly several nations still have 4 vials. 5 the last “official” stocks of live virus bred mistrust of the USandRussia,2 6 no obvious gain.
Now American researchers have 7 an animal model of the human disease,opening the 8 for tests on new treatments and vaccines. So once again there’s a good reason to 9 the virus —just in 10 the disease puts in a reappearance.
How do we 11 with the mistrust of theUSandRussia? 12 Keep the virus 13 international auspices in a well-guarded UN laboratory that’s open to all countries. TheUSwill object, of course, just as it rejects a multilateral approach to just about everything. But it doesn’t 14 the idea is wrong. If the virus 15 useful, then let’s make it the servant of all humanity — not just a part of it
词汇：
smallpox /"smɔːlpɒks/ n.天花
cap /kaep/vt.结束;覆盖
killer /"kɪlə/ n.杀死物;杀人者
potent /"pəʊt(ə)nt/ adj.有效力的;强有力的
vial /"vaɪəl/ n.小瓶
mistrust /mɪs"trʌst/ n.不信任，怀疑
auspices /"ɔːspɪsɪz/ n.赞助;支持
注释：
1.In reality, of course, it was naive to imagine that everyone would let go of such a potent potential weapon.当然,想象每个人都会放弃这样一种有效的潜在的武器事实上是幼稚的。
2.And the last “official”stocks of live virus bred mistrust of theUSandRussia...:美俄最后的“官方”活病毒储备引起大家对这两个国家的不信任。
空7
A:looked for B:sought C:found D:talked about
One Good Reason to Let Smallpox Live
It’s now a fair bet that we will never see the total extinction of the smallpox virus. The idea was to cap the glorious achievement of 1980，when smallpox was eradicated in the wild, by destroying the killer virus in the last two labs that are supposed to have it — one in the US and one in Russia. If smallpox had truly gone from the planet, what point was there in keeping these reserves?
1 reality, of course, it was naive to 2 that everyone would let 3 of such a potent potential weapon.1 Undoubtedly several nations still have 4 vials. 5 the last “official” stocks of live virus bred mistrust of the USandRussia,2 6 no obvious gain.
Now American researchers have 7 an animal model of the human disease,opening the 8 for tests on new treatments and vaccines. So once again there’s a good reason to 9 the virus —just in 10 the disease puts in a reappearance.
How do we 11 with the mistrust of theUSandRussia? 12 Keep the virus 13 international auspices in a well-guarded UN laboratory that’s open to all countries. TheUSwill object, of course, just as it rejects a multilateral approach to just about everything. But it doesn’t 14 the idea is wrong. If the virus 15 useful, then let’s make it the servant of all humanity — not just a part of it
词汇：
smallpox /"smɔːlpɒks/ n.天花
cap /kaep/vt.结束;覆盖
killer /"kɪlə/ n.杀死物;杀人者
potent /"pəʊt(ə)nt/ adj.有效力的;强有力的
vial /"vaɪəl/ n.小瓶
mistrust /mɪs"trʌst/ n.不信任，怀疑
auspices /"ɔːspɪsɪz/ n.赞助;支持
注释：
1.In reality, of course, it was naive to imagine that everyone would let go of such a potent potential weapon.当然,想象每个人都会放弃这样一种有效的潜在的武器事实上是幼稚的。
2.And the last “official”stocks of live virus bred mistrust of theUSandRussia...:美俄最后的“官方”活病毒储备引起大家对这两个国家的不信任。
空7
A:looked for B:sought C:found D:talked about
以下四个图形与其它图有区别的是? 
A B C D
A:如上图所示 B:如上图所示 C:如上图所示 D:如上图所示
把下面的6个图形分为两类，使每一类图形都有各自的共同特征或规律，分类正确的一项是 
① ② ③ ④ ⑤ ⑥
A:①③⑥，②④⑤ B:①③④，②⑤⑥ C:①③⑤，②④⑥ D:①④⑥，②③⑤
