Spacing in Animals¹

    Flight Distance²

    Any observant person has noticed that a wild animal will allow a man or other potential enemy to approach only up to a given distance before it flees. “Flight distance” is the terms used for this interspecies spacing. As a general rule, there is a positive relationship between the size of an animal and its flight distance³—the larger the animal, the greater the distance it must keep between itself and the enemy. An antelope⁴ will flee when the enemy is as much as five hundred yards away. The wall lizard’s⁵ flight distance, on the other hand is about six feet. Flight is the basic means of survival for mobile creatures.

    Critical Distance

    Critical distance apparently is present wherever and whenever there is a flight reaction. “Critical distance” includes the narrow zone separating flight distance from attack distance. ⁶ A lion in a zoo will flee from an approaching man until it meets a barrier that it cannot overcome. If the man continues the approach, he soon penetrates the lion"s critical distance, at which point the cornered lion reverses direction⁷ and begins slowly to stalk the man.

    Social Distance

    Social animals need to stay in touch with each other. Loss of contact with the group can be fatal for a variety of reasons including exposure to enemies. Social distance is not simply the distance at which an animal will lose contact with his group—that is, the distance at which it can no longer see, hear, or smell the group—it is rather a psychological distance, one at which the animal apparently begins to feel anxious when he exceeds its limits. We can think of it as a hidden band that contains the group⁸.

    Social distance varies from species to species. It is quite short—apparently only a few yards—among some animals, and quite long among others.

    Social distance is not always rigidly fixed but is determined in part by the situation. When the young of apes and humans are mobile but not yet under control of the mother"s voice, social distance may be the length of her reach⁹. This is readily observed among the baboons in a zoo. When the baby approaches a certain point, the mother reaches out to seize the end of its tail and pull it back to her. When added control is needed because of danger, social distance shrinks. To show this in man, one has only to watch a family with a number of small children holding hands as they cross a busy street.

词汇：

observant/ əbˈzɜ:vənt/adj. 观察力敏锐的 

barrier / "bærɪə(r)/n.障碍物
potential/ pəˈtenʃəl/adj. 潜在的 

contact/ "kɒntækt/n. 联系；接触
survival / səˈvaɪvəl/n.逃生，幸免 

fatal / "feɪtl/adj.致命的
mobile / "məʊbaɪl/adj.可动的，活动的 

rigidly/ "rɪdʒɪdlɪ/adv. 刻板地，死板地
approach / ə"prəʊtʃ/v.朝……走近 

baboon / bəˈbu:n/n.狒狒

注释：

1.spacing in animals：动物的间隔距离
2.flight distance：逃离距离
3.there is a positive relationshipbetween the size of an animal and its flight distance:动物体积与其逃离距离之间成正比关系。
4.antelope：羚羊
5.wall lizard：壁虎
6."Critical distance”include the narrow zone separating flight distance from attack distance：关键距离指逃离距离和进攻距离之间的狭窄区域。
7.reverse direction：调转方向。
8.a hidden band that contains the group：一条控制群体的隐形带
9.the length of her reach：她手臂够得着的长度

Which of the following could best replace the word “band” in “We can think of it as a hidden band that contains the group” (in Paragraph 3)?

A:Strip of land B:Distance C:Society D:Community

Spacing in Animals ¹ Flight Distance

    Any observant person has noticed that a wild animal will allow a man or other potential enemy to approach only up to a given distance before it flees. “Flight distance ²” is the terms used for this interspecies spacing. As a general rule, there is a positive relationship between the size of an animal and its flight distance ³—the larger the animal, the greater the distance it must keep between itself and the enemy. An antelope ⁴ will flee when the enemy is as much as five hundred yards away. The wall lizard ⁵’s flight distance, on the other hand is about six feet. Flight is the basic means of survival for mobile creatures.

    Critical Distance

    Critical distance apparently is present wherever and whenever there is a flight reaction. “Critical distance” includes the narrow zone separating flight distance from attack distance ⁶. A lion in a zoo will flee from an approaching man until it meets a barrier that it cannot overcome. If the man continues the approach, he soon penetrates the lion"s critical distance, at which point the cornered lion reverses direction ⁷ and begins slowly to stalk the man.

    Social Distance

    Social animals need to stay in touch with each other. Loss of contact with the group can be fatal for a variety of reasons including exposure to enemies. Social distance is not simply the distance at which an animal will lose contact with his group—that is, the distance at which it can no longer see, hear, or smell the group—it is rather a psychological distance, one at which the animal apparently begins to feel anxious when he exceeds its limits. We can think of it as a hidden band that contains the group ⁸.

    Social distance varies from species to species. It is quite short—apparently only a few yards—among some animals, and quite long among others.

    Social distance is not always rigidly fixed but is determined in part by the situation. When the young of apes and humans are mobile but not yet under control of the mother"s voice, social distance may be the length of her reach ⁹. This is readily observed among the baboons in a zoo. When the baby approaches a certain point, the mother reaches out to seize the end of its tail and pull it back to her. When added control is needed because of danger, social distance shrinks. To show this in man, one has only to watch a family with a number of small children holding hands as they cross a busy street.

 

词汇：

observant[əbˈzɜ:vənt] adj.观察力敏锐的;

barrier["bærɪə(r)] n.障碍物

potential[pəˈtenʃl] adj.潜在的

contact["kɒntækt] n.接触；联系

survival[səˈvaɪvl] n.逃生，幸免;

fatal["feɪtl] adj.致命的

mobile["məʊbaɪl] adj.可动的，活动的;

rigidly["rɪdʒɪdlɪ] adv.刻板的；死板的

approach[ə"prəʊtʃ] v朝……走近

baboon[bəˈbu:n] n.狒狒;

 

注释:

1.spacing in animals :动物的间隔距离

2．flight distance:逃离距离

3．．，．there is a positive relationship between the size of an animal and its flight distance.……动物体积与其逃离距离之间成正比关系。

4．antelope:羚羊

5．wall lizard:壁虎

6.“Critical distance"  includes the narrow zone separating flight distance from attack distance.关键距离指逃离距离和进攻距离之间的狭窄区域。

7．reverse direction:调转方向。

8．a hidden band that contains the group:-条控制群体的隐形带

9．the length of her reach:她手臂够得着的长度

 

Which of the following could best replace the word “band” in “We can think of it as a hidden band that contains the group” (in Paragraph 3)?

A:Strip of land B:Distance C:Society D:Community

潜在缺乏 hidden hunger

有这样一个表单元素，想要找到这个hidden元素，下面哪个是正确的（）

A:visible B:hidden C:visible D:hidden

Henry’s job was to examine cars which crossed the frontier to make sure that they were not smuggling any thing into the country. Every evening except at weekends, he (36) see a factory worker coming up the hill towards the frontier, (37) a bicycle with a big load of straw on it. When the bicycle (38) the frontier, Henry used to stop the man and (39) him take the straw off and (40) it. Then he would examine the straw very carefully to see (41) he could find anything, after which he would look in all the man’s pockets (42) he let him tie the straw again. The man would then put it on his bicycle and go off down the hill with it. Although Henry was always (43) to find gold or jewellery or other valuable things (44) in the straw, he never found (45) , even though he examined it very carefully. He was sure that the man was (46) something, but he was not (47) to imagine what it could be.
Then one evening, after he has looked (48) the straw and emptied the factory worker’s ,pockets (49) usual, he (50) to him, "Listen. I know that you are smuggling things (51) this frontier. Won’t you tell me what it is that you are bring into. Today’s my last day on the (52) . Tomorrow I’m going to (53) . I promise that I shall not tell (54) if you tell me what you’ve been smuggling." The factory worker did not say anything for (55) . Then he smiled, turned to Henry and said quickly: "Bicycles."

44（）

A:had been hidden B:hiding C:have been hidden D:hidden

Henry’s job was to examine cars which crossed the frontier to make sure that they were not smuggling any thing into the country. Every evening except at weekends, he (36) see a factory worker coming up the hill towards the frontier, (37) a bicycle with a big load of straw on it. When the bicycle (38) the frontier, Henry used to stop the man and (39) him take the straw off and (40) it. Then he would examine the straw very carefully to see (41) he could find anything, after which he would look in all the man’s pockets (42) he let him tie the straw again. The man would then put it on his bicycle and go off down the hill with it. Although Henry was always (43) to find gold or jewellery or other valuable things (44) in the straw, he never found (45) , even though he examined it very carefully. He was sure that the man was (46) something, but he was not (47) to imagine what it could be.
Then one evening, after he has looked (48) the straw and emptied the factory worker’s ,pockets (49) usual, he (50) to him, "Listen. I know that you are smuggling things (51) this frontier. Won’t you tell me what it is that you are bring into. Today’s my last day on the (52) . Tomorrow I’m going to (53) . I promise that I shall not tell (54) if you tell me what you’ve been smuggling." The factory worker did not say anything for (55) . Then he smiled, turned to Henry and said quickly: "Bicycles."

40（）

A:had been hidden B:hiding C:have been hidden D:hidden

{{B}}第三篇{{/B}}

“Feedback mechanisms” in paragraph 1 most probably refer to______.

A:how plants and animals adapt to hidden factors B:how plants and animals interact with the changing climate C:how climate changes D:how climate zones shift

? ?下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题，每题后面有4个选项。请仔细阅读短文，并根据短文回答其后面的问题，从4个选项中选择1个最佳答案。
{{B}}第一篇{{/B}}

? ?In the art of the Middle ages, we never encounter the personality of the artist as an individual; rather it is diffused (普及的) through the artistic genius of centuries embodied (具体表达) in the rules of religious art. Art of the middle Ages is first a sacred(神的，zōng jiāo 的) script, the symbols and meanings of which were well settled. The circular halo placed vertically (神学,神性). By bare feet, we recognize God, the angels, Jesus Christ and the apostles (使徒), but, for an artist to have depicted the Virgin Mary with bare feet would have been tantamount (等价的) to heresy (异教). Several concentric, wavy lines represent the sky, while parallel lines water or the sea. A tree, which is to say a single stalk with two or three stylised leaves, informs us that the scene is laid on earth. A tower with a window indicates a village, and, should an angel be watching from the battlements, that city is thereby identified as Jerusalem. Saint Peter is always depicted with curly hair, a short beard, and a tonsure, while Saint Paul has always a bald head and a long beard.
? ?A second characteristic of this iconography is obedience (服从，顺从) to a sacred mathematic. "The Divine Wisdom," wrote Saint Augustine, "reveals itself everywhere in numbers," a doctrine attributable to the neo-Platonists who revived the genius of Pythagoras. Twelve is the master number of the Church and is the product of three, the number of the Trinity, and fours, the number of material elements. The number seven, the most mysterious of all numbers, is the sum of four and three. There are the seven ages of man, seven virtues, seven planets. In the final analysis, the seven-tone scale of Gregorian music is the sensible embodiment of the order of the universe. Numbers also require a symmetry. At Charters, a stained glass window shows the four prophets, Isaac, Ezekiel, Daniel, and Jeremiah, carrying on their shoulders the four evangelists, Matthew, Mark, Luke and John.
? ?A third characteristic of this art is to be a symbolic language, showing us one thing and inviting us to see another. In this respect, the artist was called upon to imitate God, who had hidden a profound meaning behind the literal and wished nature itself to be a moral lesson to man. Thus, every painting is an allegory. In a scene of the final judgment, we see the foolish virgins at the left hand of Jesus and the wise at his right, and we understand that this symbolizes those who are lost and those who are saved. Even seemingly insignificant details carry hidden meaning: The lion in a stained glass window is the figure of the Resurrection.
? ?These, then, are the defining characteristics of the art of the Middle Ages, a system within which even the most mediocre talent was elevated by the genius of the centuries. The artists of the early Renaissance broke with tradition at their own peril. When they are not outstanding, they are scarcely able to avoid insignificance and banality in their religious works, and, even when they are great, they are no more than the equals of the old masters who passively followed the sacred rules.

We can be inferred that a painting done in the Middle Ages is most likely to contain ______.

A:elements representing the numbers three and four B:highly stylized buildings and trees C:a moral lesson hidden behind the literal figures D:figures with halos and bare feet