What Is a Dream?

For centuries, people have wondered about the strange things that they dream about. Some psychologists say that this nighttime activity of the mind has no special meaning. Others, however, think that dreams are an important part of our lives. In fact, many experts believe that dreams can tell us about a person’s mind and emotions.

Before modem times, many people thought that dreams contained messages from God. It was only in the twentieth century that people started to study dreams in a scientific way.

The Austrian psychologist, Sigmund Freud¹, was probably the first person to study dreams scientifically. In his famous book, The interpretation of Dreams ( 1900 ), Freud wrote that dreams are an expressions of a person’s wishes. He believed that dreams allow people to express the feelings, thoughts, and fears that they are afraid to express in real life.

The Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung² was once a student of Freud’s. Jung, however, had a different idea about dreams. Jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer. He thought people could learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams. For example, people who dream about falling may learn that they have too high an opinion of themselves. On the other hand, people who dream about being heroes may learn that they think too little of themselves.

Modem-day psychologists continue to develop theories about dreams. For example,psychologist William Domhoff from the University of California, Santa Cruz, believes that dreams are tightly linked to a person’s daily life, thoughts, and behavior. A criminal, for example, might dream about crime.

Domhoff believes that there is a connection between dreams and age. His research shows that children do not dream as much as adults. According to Domhoff, dreaming is a mental skill that needs time to develop.

He has also found a link between dreams and gender. His studies show that the dreams of men and women are different. For example, the people in men"s dreams are often other men, and the dreams often involve fighting. This is not true of women"s dreams³.Domhoff found this gender difference in the dreams of people from 11 cultures around the world, including both modem and traditional ones.

Can dreams help us understand ourselves?Psychologists continue to try to answer this question in different ways. However, one thing they agree on this: If you dream that something terrible is going to occur ,you shouldn"t panic. The dream may have meaning, but it does not mean that some terrible event will actually take place. It"s important to remember that the world of dreams is not the real world.

词汇：

psychologist/saɪˈkɔlədʒɪst/ n．心理学家

psychiatrist/saɪˈkaɪətrɪst/ n．精神病学家（医生）

Austrian/ˈɔstrɪən/ adj．奥地利的

gender/ˈdʒendə/ n．性别

注释：　　

1.SigmundFreud西格蒙德.费洛伊德（1856-1939），犹太人，奥地利精神病医生及精神分析学家。精神分析学派的创始人。他认为被压抑的欲望绝大部分是属于性的，性的扰乱是精神病的根本原因。著有《性学三论》《梦的释义》《图腾与禁忌》《日常生活的心理病理学》《精神分析引论》《精神分析引论新编》等

2.Carl Jung:卡尔.荣格，瑞士著名精神分析专家，分析心理学的创始人

3.For example．the people in men’s dreams are often other men，and the dreams often involve fighting．This is not true of women’s dreams．例如，男人做梦会梦到男人，并且常与打斗有关；女人做梦与男人则不同。

Men and women dream about different things.

A:Right B:Wrong C:Not mentioned

Medical Journals

    Medical journals are publications that report medical information to physicians and other health professionals.

    In the past, these journals were available only in print. With the development of electronic publishing. many medical journals now have Web sites on the Internet, and some journals publish only online. A few medical journals, like the Journal of the American Medical Association, are considered general medical journals because they cover many fields of medicine. Most medical journals are specialty journals that focus on a particular area of medicine.

    Medical journals publish many types of articles. Research articles report the results of research studies on a range of topics varying from the basic mechanisms of diseases to clinical trials that compare outcomes of different treatments. 

    Review articles summarize and analyze the information available on a specific topic based on a careful search of the medical literature. Because the results of individual research studies can be affected by many factors, combining results from different studies on the same topic can be helpful in reaching conclusions about the scientific evidence for preventing, diagnosing or treating a particular disease ¹. Case conferences and case reports may be published in medical journals to educate physicians about particular illnesses and how to treat them. Editorials in medical journals are short essays that express the views of the authors, often regarding a research or review article published in the same issue. Editorials provide perspective on how the current article fits with other information on the same topic. Letters to the editor provide a way for readers of the medical journal to express comments, questions or criticisms about articles published in that journal.

词汇：

professional /prə"feʃənəl/ n.专业人员

online /ɒn"laɪn/ adv. 联机地，联线地

specialty /"speʃəltɪ/ n .专业

summarize /"sʌməraɪz/ vt. 总结，概述

注释：

1. Because the results of individual research studies can be affected by many factors, combining results from different studies on the same topic can be helpful in reaching conclusions about the scientific evidence for preventing, diagnosing or treating a particular disease.由于个体研究的结果可能受很多因素的影响，因此将有关同一题目的不同研究的结果汇总起来，可能有助于 得出有关预防、诊断或是治疗某一疾病所需的科学证据的结论。

An article dealing with results from different studies on the same topic is called____

A:a research article B:a review article C:a case report D:an editorial

What Is a Dream?

    For centuries, people have wondered about the strange things that they dream about. Some psychologists say that this nighttime activity of the mind has no special meaning. Others，however， think that dreams are an important part of our lives. In fact, many experts believe that dreams can tell us about a person’s mind and emotions.

    Before modern times, many people thought that dreams contained messages from God. It was only in the twentieth century that people started to study dreams in a scientific way.

    The Austrian psychologist, Sigmund Freud¹，was probably the first person to study dreams scientifically. In his famous book, The interpretation of Dreams (1900), Freud wrote that dreams are an expression of a person’s wishes. He believed that dreams allow people to express the feelings, thoughts, and fears that they are afraid to express in real life.

    The Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung² was once a student of Freud’s. Jung，however，had a different idea about dreams. Jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer. He thought people could learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams. For example, people who dream about falling may learn that they have too high an opinion of themselves. On the other hand, people who dream about being heroes may learn that they think too little of themselves.

     Modern-day psychologists continue to develop theories about dreams. For example, psychologist William Domhoff from the University of California, Santa Cruz，believes that dreams are tightly linked to a person’s daily life, thoughts, and behavior. A criminal, for example, might dream about crime.

    Domhoff believes that there is a connection between dreams and age. His research shows that children do not dream as much as adults. According to Domhoff, dreaming is a mental skill that needs time to develop.

    He has also found a link between dreams and gender. His studies show that the dreams of men and women are different. For example, the people in men’s dreams are often other men, and the dreams often involve fighting. This is not true of women’s dreams.³ Domhoff found this gender difference in the dreams of people from 11 cultures around the world, including both modern and traditional ones.

    Can dreams help us understand ourselves? Psychologists continue to try to answer this question in different ways. However, one thing they agree on this: If you dream that something terrible is going to occur, you shouldn’t panic. The dream may have meaning, but it does not mean that some terrible event will actually take place. It’s important to remember that the world of dreams is not the real world.

词汇：

psychologist /saɪˈkɒlədʒɪst/ n.心理学家 

psychiatrist /saɪˈkaɪətrɪst/ n.精神病学家(医生)
Austrian /"ɒstrɪən/ adj.奥地利的 

gender /"dʒendə(r)/ n.性别

注释：

1．Sigmund Freud西格蒙德·弗洛伊德（1856—1939)，犹太人，奥地利精神病医生及精神分析学家。精神分析学派的创始人。他认为被压抑的欲望绝大部分是属于性的，性的扰乱是精神病的根本原因。著有《性学三论》《梦的释义》《图腾与禁忌》《日常生活的心理病理学》《精神分析引论》《精神分析引论新编》等。
2．Carl Jung：卡尔·荣格，瑞士著名精神分析专家，分析心理学的创始人。
3．For example, the people in men’s dreams are often other men, and the dreams often involve fighting. This is not true of women’s dreams.例如，在男性梦境中出现的通常是其他男性而且常与打斗有关，而女性的梦境则不是这样。

Men and women dream about different things

A:Right B:Wrong C:Not mentioned

What Is a Dream?

    For centuries, people have wondered about the strange things that they dream about. Some psychologists say that this nighttime activity of the mind has no special meaning. Others，however， think that dreams are an important part of our lives. In fact, many experts believe that dreams can tell us about a person’s mind and emotions.

    Before modern times, many people thought that dreams contained messages from God. It was only in the twentieth century that people started to study dreams in a scientific way.

    The Austrian psychologist, Sigmund Freud 1，was probably the first person to study dreams scientifically. In his famous book, The interpretation of Dreams (1900), Freud wrote that dreams are an expression of a person’s wishes. He believed that dreams allow people to express the feelings, thoughts, and fears that they are afraid to express in real life.

    The Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung 2 was once a student of Freud’s. Jung，however，had a different idea about dreams. Jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer. He thought people could learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams. For example, people who dream about falling may learn that they have too high an opinion of themselves. On the other hand, people who dream about being heroes may learn that they think too little of themselves.

    Modern-day psychologists continue to develop theories about dreams. For example, psychologist William Domhoff from the University of California, Santa Cruz，believes that dreams are tightly linked to a person’s daily life, thoughts, and behavior. A criminal, for example, might dream about crime.

    Domhoff believes that there is a connection between dreams and age. His research shows that children do not dream as much as adults. According to Domhoff, dreaming is a mental skill that needs time to develop.

    He has also found a link between dreams and gender. His studies show that the dreams of men and women are different. For example, the people in men’s dreams are often other men, and the dreams often involve fighting. This is not true of women’s dreams. 3 Domhoff found this gender difference in the dreams of people from 11 cultures around the world, including both modern and traditional ones.

    Can dreams help us understand ourselves? Psychologists continue to try to answer this question in different ways. However, one thing they agree on this: If you dream that something terrible is going to occur, you shouldn’t panic. The dream may have meaning, but it does not mean that some terrible event will actually take place. It’s important to remember that the world of dreams is not the real world.

词汇：

psychologist /saɪˈkɒlədʒɪst/n. 心理学家 

psychiatrist /saɪˈkaɪətrɪst/ n. 精神病学家

Austrian/ "ɒstrɪən/ adj. 奥地利的 

Gender/ "dʒendə/ n. 性别

注释：

1.Sigmund Freud西格蒙德.费洛伊德（1856-1939），犹太人，奥地利精神病医生及精神分析学家。精神分析学派的创始人。他认为被压抑的欲望绝大部分是属 于性的，性的扰乱是精神病的根本原因。著有《性学三论》《梦的释义》《图腾与禁忌》《日常生活的心理病理学》《精神分析引论》《精神分析引论新编》等

2.Carl Jung:卡尔.荣格，瑞士著名精神分析专家，分析心理学的创始人

3.For example．the people in men’s dreams are often other men，and the dreams often involve fighting．This is not true of women’s dreams．例如，男人做梦会梦到男人，并且常与打斗有关；女人做梦与男人则不同。

Men and women dream about different things.

A:Right B:Wrong C:Not mentioned

To know what is good and doing what is right are two different things.

A:and B:doing C:are D:different

People from different countries have different values and attitudes.

One afternoon, my son Adam asked me," Are all people the same even if they are different in color"I thought for a minute, and then I said, "I’ll explain, (1) you can just wait until we make a quick (2) at the grocery store. I have something (3) to show you. "At the grocery store, we (4) some apples-red,green and yellow ones. Back home. I told Adam,"It’s time to (5) your question. "I put one apple of each (6) on the table. Then I looked at Adam, who had a (7) look on his face."People are like apples. They come in all (8) colors, shapes and sizes. On the (9) , some of the apples may not (10) look as delicious as the others. "As I was talking, Adam was (11) each one carefully.Then, I took each of the apples and peeled(削皮) them, (12) them back on the table, but (13) a different place."Okay, Adam, tell me which is which. "He said, "I (14) tell. They all look the same now. " "Take a bite of (15) See if that helps you (16) which one is which. "He took (17) , and then a huge smile came across his face. "People are (18) like apples! They are all different, but once you (19) the outside, they’re pretty much the same on the in- side. "He totally (20) it. I didn’t need to say or do anything else.

A:ordinary B:normal C:different D:regular

One afternoon, my son Adam asked me," Are all people the same even if they are different in color"I thought for a minute, and then I said, "I’ll explain, (1) you can just wait until we make a quick (2) at the grocery store. I have something (3) to show you. "At the grocery store, we (4) some apples-red,green and yellow ones. Back home. I told Adam,"It’s time to (5) your question. "I put one apple of each (6) on the table. Then I looked at Adam, who had a (7) look on his face."People are like apples. They come in all (8) colors, shapes and sizes. On the (9) , some of the apples may not (10) look as delicious as the others. "As I was talking, Adam was (11) each one carefully.Then, I took each of the apples and peeled(削皮) them, (12) them back on the table, but (13) a different place."Okay, Adam, tell me which is which. "He said, "I (14) tell. They all look the same now. " "Take a bite of (15) See if that helps you (16) which one is which. "He took (17) , and then a huge smile came across his face. "People are (18) like apples! They are all different, but once you (19) the outside, they’re pretty much the same on the in- side. "He totally (20) it. I didn’t need to say or do anything else.

A:ordinary B:normal C:different D:regular