"I’m a total geek all around," says Angela BYron, a 27-year-old computer prlogrammer who has just graduated from Nova Scotia Community College. And yet, like many other students, she "never had the confidence" to approach any of the various open-source software communities on the internet--distributed teams of volunteers who collaborate to build software that is then made freely available. But thanks to Google, the world’s most popular search engine and one of the biggest proponents of open-source software, Ms Byron spent the summer contributing code to Drupal, an open-source project that automates the management of websites. "It’s awesome," she says.
Ms Byron is one of 419 students (out of 8 744 who applied) who were accepted for Google’s "summer of code". While it sounds like a hyper-nerdy summer camp, the students neither went to Google’s campus in Mountain View, California, nor to wherever their mentors at the 41 participating open-source projects happened to be located. Instead, Google acted as a matchmaker and sponsor. Each of the participating open-source projects received ＄500 for every student it took on; and each student received ＄4 500 (＄ 500 right away, and ＄4 000 on completion of their work). Oh, and a T-shirt.
All of this is the idea of Chris DiBona, Google’s open-source boss, who was brainstorming with Larry Page and Sergey Brin, Google’s founders, last year. They realised that a lot of programming talent goes to waste every summer because students take summer jobs flipping burgers to make money, and let their coding skills degrade. "We want to make it better for students in the summer," says Mr. DiBona, adding that it also helps the open- source community and thus, indirectly, Google, which uses lots of open source software behind the scenes. Plus, says Mr. DiBona, "it does become an opportunity for recruiting."
Elliot Cohen, a student at Berkeley, spent his summer writing a "Bayesian network toolbox" for Python, an open-source programming language. "I’m a pretty big fan of Google," he says. He has an interview scheduled with Microsoft, but "Google is the only big company that I would work at," he says. And if that doesn’t work out, he now knows people in the open-source community, "and it’s a lot less intimidating./
Elliot Cohen is mentioned in the text so as to ______.

A:illustrate the indirect effect of "summer of code" on Google’s recruitment B:indicate the academic level of Berkeley, USA C:clarify Elliot Cohen’s summer experience in writing network toolbox D:lay emphasis on the fact that university students are big fans of Google

Text 1
A tiny but powerful new lightweight drill has been developed by space scientists and engineers. It expands the fields in which drilling has been difficult in the past. The new drill could be used in the drilling required during surgical or diagnostic procedures involving bones, or when extracting heart pacemaker leads. Future space missions could include drilling for rock and soil samples, using only lightweight landing vehicles with robotic arms.
The color photo shows the new driller penetrating a sandstone while the drill is held only from its power cord. Relatively small vertical force is used in this application -- a factor that will be useful when the drill is used in future space missions and weight needs to be kept to a minimum. The drill is driven by piezoelectric devices, which have only two moving parts but no gears or motors. Piezoelectrics are materials that change their shape under the application of an electrical field. The drill can be adapted easily to operations in a range of temperatures from extremely cold to very hot. Unlike conventional rotary drills, the drill can drill even the hardest rocks without significant weight on the drilling bit.
"The drill is a device that offers exciting new capabilities for space exploration in future NASA missions," said Dr. Yoseph Bar-Cohen, who leads NASA’s Jet Propulsion laboratory’s Nondestructive Evaluation and Advanced Actuator Technologies unit. "Besides the immediate benefits of the technology to NASA, it is paving the way for other unique mechanisms that are being developed in our laboratory and elsewhere," he said.
The demonstration unit pictured in the color photograph weighs about 0.7 kilograms, which is sufficient to drill 12 millimeter diameter holes in rocks using less than 10 watts of power. Comparable rotary drills usually require the application of 20 to 30 times greater pushing force and more than three times the power.
Other advantages to the drill are no drill noise and no drill movement across the surface on start-up. The drill body will not rotate, the speed does not decrease with time and the bit does not require sharpening. The bit can be guided by hand safely during operation. The drill can drill holes in different cross-sections, such as square and round.
Said Dr. Yoseph Bar-Cohen, "Thanks to the development of technology associated with this drill, new devices can be made to be small and lightweight, to consume little power and to exhibit a high standard of reliability."

A:A．NAS B:B．Dr. Yoseph Bar-Cohen. C:C．NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory. D:D．Cybersonics Incorporated in Erie, Philadelphia.

"I’m a total geek all around," says Angela Byron, a 27-year-old computer programmer who has just graduated from Nova Scotia Community College. And yet, like many other students, she "never had the confidence" to approach any of the various open-source software communities on the internet--distributed teams of volunteers who collaborate to build software that is then made freely available. But thanks to Google, the world’s most popular search engine and one of the biggest proponents of open-source software, Ms Byron spent the summer contributing code to Drupal, an open-source project that automates the management of websites. "It’s awesome," she says.
Ms Byron is one of 419 students (out of 8,744 who applied) who were accepted for Google’s "summer of code". While it sounds like a hyper-nerdy summer camp, the students neither went to Google’s campus in Mountain View, California, nor to wherever their mentors at the 41 participating open-source projects happened to be located. Instead, Google acted as a matchmaker and sponsor. Each of the participating open-source projects received $500 for every student it took on; and each student received $4,500 ($500 right away, and $4,000 on completion of their work). Oh, and a T-shirt.
All of this is the idea of Chris DiBona, Google’s open-source boss, who was brainstorming with Larry Page and Sergey Brin, Google’s founders, last year. They realised that a lot of programming talent goes to waste every summer because students take summer jobs flipping burgers to make money, and let their coding skills degrade. "We want to make it better for students in the summer," says Mr. DiBona, adding that it also helps the open- source community and thus, indirectly, Google, which uses lots of open-source software behind the scenes. Plus, says Mr. DiBona, "it does become an opportunity for recruiting."
Elliot Cohen, a student at Berkeley, spent his summer writing a "Bayesian network toolbox" for Python, an open-source programming language. "I’m a pretty big fan of Google," he says. He has an interview scheduled with Microsoft, but "Google is the only big company that I would work at," he says. And if that doesn’t work out, he now knows people in the open-source community, "and it’s a lot less intimidating./
Elliot Cohen is mentioned in the text so as to ______.

A:illustrate the indirect effect of "summer of code" on Google’s recruitment B:indicate the academic level of Berkeley, USA C:clarify Elliot Cohen’s summer experience in writing network toolbox D:lay emphasis on the fact that university students are big fans of Google

Bram Cohen was an unusual kid. While other first-graders were outside playing, he was writing computer code. By junior high, he could solve Rubik’s Cube in a few minutes. A college dropout, he went on to co-found a hacker’s convention in San Francisco. " I was always really weird, " he says. Yet it was only two years ago, at age27, that he learned why. Cohen says he has trouble examining his thoughts and making eye contact but has learned to control his symptoms using behavioral psychology. Now he has a new task: warding off accusations by the Hollywood film industry that a breakthrough piece of software he wrote is threatening the movie business the way Napster menaced—and subsequently revolutionized—the music world.
Cohen is the author of a free program called BitTorrent, which has been downloaded more than 20 million times and underpins a new generation of file-sharing technology. BitTorrent addresses a couple of the biggest problems of file sharing—that downloading bogs down when lots of folks access a file at once, and that some people leech, downloading content but refusing to share with others on the network. BitTorrent eliminates the bottleneck by having everyone share little pieces of a file at the same time—a process techies call swarming. And the program prevents leeching since folks must upload a file while they download it. All this means that the more popular the content, the more efficiently it zips through the network—bad news if you’re a movie studio trying to hinder the trading of films like The In credibles. Says Andrew Parker of the Web-tracking firm CacheLogic, " It has turned the download world on its head. "
Hollywood has good reason to be worried. BitTorrent downloads account for one-third of Internet traffic, according to CacheLogic. So-called tracker sites post links to movies, video games and episodes of TV shows, the content of which is then traded at express speeds. With more folks logging onto the Internet via broadband connections, online trading of movies and TV shows is surging. Downloads of feature films alone are up 175% in the past year, says BigChampagne. In response, the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) recently filed dozens of civil suits against tracker sites in the U. S. and Britain, as well as criminal complaints against sites in France. The industry is hoping that in a case scheduled for next month, the U. S. Supreme Court will rule against firms that produce file-sharing software, such as Morpheus and Grokster. Neither Cohen nor BitTorrent is named in the lawsuit, although an MPAA spokesman says Cohen is under examination for continuing to develop the software " and making it easy to steal copyright material. /
By mentioning Napster and the music world, the author suggests that______.

A:Napster is a great program which has revolutionized the music world B:Cohen is accused of an invasion of the rights of the music world C:Hollywood film industry cannot compete with the music industry D:Cohen’s program has a profound effect on the film industry

Bram Cohen was an unusual kid. While other first-graders were outside playing, he was writing computer code. By junior high, he could solve Rubik’s Cube in a few minutes. A college dropout, he went on to co-found a hacker’s convention in San Francisco. " I was always really weird, " he says. Yet it was only two years ago, at age27, that he learned why. Cohen says he has trouble examining his thoughts and making eye contact but has learned to control his symptoms using behavioral psychology. Now he has a new task: warding off accusations by the Hollywood film industry that a breakthrough piece of software he wrote is threatening the movie business the way Napster menaced—and subsequently revolutionized—the music world.
Cohen is the author of a free program called BitTorrent, which has been downloaded more than 20 million times and underpins a new generation of file-sharing technology. BitTorrent addresses a couple of the biggest problems of file sharing—that downloading bogs down when lots of folks access a file at once, and that some people leech, downloading content but refusing to share with others on the network. BitTorrent eliminates the bottleneck by having everyone share little pieces of a file at the same time—a process techies call swarming. And the program prevents leeching since folks must upload a file while they download it. All this means that the more popular the content, the more efficiently it zips through the network—bad news if you’re a movie studio trying to hinder the trading of films like The In credibles. Says Andrew Parker of the Web-tracking firm CacheLogic, " It has turned the download world on its head. "
Hollywood has good reason to be worried. BitTorrent downloads account for one-third of Internet traffic, according to CacheLogic. So-called tracker sites post links to movies, video games and episodes of TV shows, the content of which is then traded at express speeds. With more folks logging onto the Internet via broadband connections, online trading of movies and TV shows is surging. Downloads of feature films alone are up 175% in the past year, says BigChampagne. In response, the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) recently filed dozens of civil suits against tracker sites in the U. S. and Britain, as well as criminal complaints against sites in France. The industry is hoping that in a case scheduled for next month, the U. S. Supreme Court will rule against firms that produce file-sharing software, such as Morpheus and Grokster. Neither Cohen nor BitTorrent is named in the lawsuit, although an MPAA spokesman says Cohen is under examination for continuing to develop the software " and making it easy to steal copyright material. /
What action did the film industry take to deal with free download of films

A:It has masked links to films from some websites. B:It is ready to prosecute Cohen for his free file. C:It has brought accusations against some companies. D:It has taken an appeal to a higher court.

In War Made Easy Norman Solomon demolishes the myth of all independent American press zealously guarding sacred values of free expression. Although strictly focusing on the shameless history of media cheerleading for the principal post World War’ Ⅱ American wars, invasions, and interventions, he calls into question the entire concept of the press as some kind of institutional counterforce to government and corporate power.
Many of the examples compiled in this impeccably documented historical review will be familiar to readers who follow the news on the Internet. But such examples achieve flesh impact because of the way Solomon has organized and analyzed them. Each chapter is devoted to a single warhawk argument ( " America Is a Fair and Noble Superpower, " " Opposing the War Means Siding with the Enemy, " "Our Soldiers Are Heroes, Theirs Are Inhuman " ), illustrated with historical examples from conflicts in the Dominican Republic, E1 Salvador, Vietnam, Grenada, Panama, Kosovo, both Iraq wars, and others in which the media were almost universally enthusiastic accomplices.
The book should really be subtitled " War reporting doesn’t just suck, it kills. " It makes you feel like demanding a special war crimes tribunal for corporate media executives and owners who joined the roll-up to " shock and awe " as non-uniformed psywar ops. To be sure, this would raise the issue of whether or not following orders might suffice for the defense of obedient slaves such as Mary McGrory and Richard Cohen, who performed above and beyond the call of duty. " He persuaded me, " McGrory gushed the morning after Colin Powell addressed a plenary session of the United Nations on February 5,2003, declaring that Iraq had weapons of mass destruction. " The cumulative effect was stunning." In the same Washington Post edition, Cohen wrote.
The evidence he presented to the United Nations—some of it circumstantial, some of it absolutely bone-chilling in its detail—had to prove to anyone that Iraq not only hasn’t accounted for its weapons of mass destruction but without a doubt still retains them. Only a fool could conclude otherwise.
Solomon demonstrates how this kind of peppy prewar warm-up degenerates into drooling and heavy breathing once the killing begins. As if observing a heavy metal computer game, the pornographers of death concentrate on the exquisite craftsmanship and visual design of the murder machines, and the magnificence of the fiery explosions they produce.
In the second to last paragraph, " could conclude otherwise " probably means that______.

A:the evidence given was true B:Iraq had no weapons of mass destruction C:Cohen gave horrifying description of Iraq D:Colin Powell’s address was out of question

Text 2

A:illustrate the indirect effect of "summer of code" on Google’s recruitment B:indicate the academic level of Berkeley, USA C:clarify Elliot Cohen’s summer experience in writing network toolbox D:lay emphasis on the fact that university students are big fans of Google

Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 Points) Text 1 A tiny but powerful new lightweight drill has been developed by space scientists and engineers. It expands the fields in which drilling has been difficult in the past. The new drill could be used in the drilling required during surgical or diagnostic procedures involving bones, or when extracting heart pacemaker leads. Future space missions could include drilling for rock and soil samples, using only lightweight landing vehicles with robotic arms. The color photo shows the new driller penetrating a sandstone while the drill is held only from its power cord. Relatively small vertical force is used in this application -- a factor that will be useful when the drill is used in future space missions and weight needs to be kept to a minimum. The drill is driven by piezoelectric devices, which have only two moving parts but no gears or motors. Piezoelectrics are materials that change their shape under the application of an electrical field. The drill can be adapted easily to operations in a range of temperatures from extremely cold to very hot. Unlike conventional rotary drills, the drill can drill even the hardest rocks without significant weight on the drilling bit. "The drill is a device that offers exciting new capabilities for space exploration in future NASA missions," said Dr. Yoseph Bar-Cohen, who leads NASA’s Jet Propulsion laboratory’s Nondestructive Evaluation and Advanced Actuator Technologies unit. "Besides the immediate benefits of the technology to NASA, it is paving the way for other unique mechanisms that are being developed in our laboratory and elsewhere," he said. The demonstration unit pictured in the color photograph weighs about 0.7 kilograms, which is sufficient to drill 12 millimeter diameter holes in rocks using less than 10 watts of power. Comparable rotary drills usually require the application of 20 to 30 times greater pushing force and more than three times the power. Other advantages to the drill are no drill noise and no drill movement across the surface on start-up. The drill body will not rotate, the speed does not decrease with time and the bit does not require sharpening. The bit can be guided by hand safely during operation. The drill can drill holes in different cross-sections, such as square and round. Said Dr. Yoseph Bar-Cohen, "Thanks to the development of technology associated with this drill, new devices can be made to be small and lightweight, to consume little power and to exhibit a high standard of reliability."

A:A．NAS B:B．Dr. Yoseph Bar-Cohen. C:C．NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory. D:D．Cybersonics Incorporated in Erie, Philadelphia.

"I’m a total geek all around," says Angela Byron, a 27-year-old computer programmer who has just graduated from Nova Scotia Community College. And yet, like many other students, she "never had the confidence" to approach any of the various open-source software communities on the internet--distributed teams of volunteers who collaborate to build software that is then made freely available. But thanks to Google, the world’s most popular search engine and one of the biggest proponents of open-source software, Ms Byron spent the summer contributing code to Drupal, an open-source project that automates the management of websites. "It’s awesome," she says.
Ms Byron is one of 419 students (out of 8,744 who applied) who were accepted for Google’s "summer of code". While it sounds like a hyper-nerdy summer camp, the students neither went to Google’s campus in Mountain View, California, nor to wherever their mentors at the 41 participating open-source projects happened to be located. Instead, Google acted as a matchmaker and sponsor. Each of the participating open-source projects received $500 for every student it took on; and each student received $4,500 ($500 right away, and $4,000 on completion of their work). Oh, and a T-shirt.
All of this is the idea of Chris DiBona, Google’s open-source boss, who was brainstorming with Larry Page and Sergey Brin, Google’s founders, last year. They realised that a lot of programming talent goes to waste every summer because students take summer jobs flipping burgers to make money, and let their coding skills degrade. "We want to make it better for students in the summer," says Mr. DiBona, adding that it also helps the open- source community and thus, indirectly, Google, which uses lots of open-source software behind the scenes. Plus, says Mr. DiBona, "it does become an opportunity for recruiting."
Elliot Cohen, a student at Berkeley, spent his summer writing a "Bayesian network toolbox" for Python, an open-source programming language. "I’m a pretty big fan of Google," he says. He has an interview scheduled with Microsoft, but "Google is the only big company that I would work at," he says. And if that doesn’t work out, he now knows people in the open-source community, "and it’s a lot less intimidating./
Elliot Cohen is mentioned in the text so as to ______.

A:illustrate the indirect effect of "summer of code" on Google’s recruitment B:indicate the academic level of Berkeley, USA C:clarify Elliot Cohen’s summer experience in writing network toolbox D:lay emphasis on the fact that university students are big fans of Google