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It is a curious paradox that we think of the physical sciences as "hard", the social sciences as "soft", and the biological sciences as somewhere in between. This is interpreted to mean that our knowledge of physical systems is more certain than our knowledge of biological systems, and these in turn are more certain than our knowledge of social systems. In terms of bur capacity to sample the relevant universes, however, and the probability that our images of these universes are at least approximately correct, one suspects that a reverse order is more reasonable. We are able to sample earth’s social systems with some degree of confidence that we have a reasonable sample of the total universe being investigated. Our knowledge of social systems, therefore, while it is in many ways extremely inaccurate, is not likely to be seriously Overturned by new discoveries. Even the folk knowledge in social systems on which ordinary life is based in earning, spending, organizing, marrying, taking part in political activities ,fighting and so on, is not very ’dissimilar from the more sophisticated images of the social system derived from the social sciences, even though it is built upon the very imperfect samples of personal experience.
In contrast, our image of the astronomical universe, of even of earth’ s geological history, can easily be subject to revolutionary changes as new data comes in and new theories are worked out. If we define the "security" of our image of various parts of the total system as the probability of their suffering significant changes, then we would reverse the order of hardness and see the social sciences as the most secure, the physical sciences as the least secure ,and again the biological sciences as somewhere in between. Our image of the astronomical universe is the least secure of all simply because we observe such a fantastically small sample of it and its record - keeping is trivial as compared with the rich records of the social systems, or even the limited records of biological systems. Records of the astronomical universe, despite the fact that we see distant things as they were long ago, are limited in the extreme.
Even in regard to such a close neighbor as the moon, which we have actually visited, theories about its origin and history are extremely different, contradictory, and hard to choose among. Our knowledge of physical evolution is incomplete and highly insecure.

A:a reverse ordering will help promote the development of the physical sciences B:our knowledge of physical systems is more reliable than that of social systems C:our understanding of the social systems is approximately correct D:we are better able to investigate social phenomena than physical phenomena

The chances of the physical sciences being subject to great changes are the biggest because ______.

A:contradictory theories keep emerging all the time B:new information is constantly coming in C:the direction of their development is difficult to predict D:our knowledge of the physical world is inaccurate

According to the author, we should reverse our classification of the physical sciences as "hard" and the social sciences as "soft" because ______.

A:a reverse ordering will help promote the development of the physical sciences B:our knowledge of physical systems is more reliable than that of social systems C:our understanding of the social systems is approximately correct D:we are better able to investigate social phenomena than physical phenomena

Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodily exercise precious to health.” But (1) some claims to the contrary, laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness Laughter does (2) short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, (3) heart rate and oxygen consumption But because hard laughter is difficult to (4) , a good laugh is unlikely to have (5) benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does.
(6) ，instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughter apparently accomplishes the (7) , studies dating back to the 1930’s indicate that laughter (8) muscles, decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies down.
Such bodily reaction might conceivably help (9) the effects of psychological stress. Anyway, the act of laughing probably does produce other types of (10) feedback, that improve an individual’s emotional state. (11) one classical theory of emotion, our feelings are partially rooted (12) physical reactions. It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry (13) they are sad but they become sad when the tears begin to flow.
Although sadness also (14) tears, evidence suggests that emotions can flow (15) muscular responses. In an experiment published in 1988,social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of würzburg in Germany asked volunteers to (16) a pen either with their teeth-thereby creating an artificial smile-or with their lips, which would produce a(n) (17) expression. Those forced to exercise their enthusiastically to funny catoons than did those whose months were contracted in a frown, (19) that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around (20) , the physical act of laughter could improve mood.

A:physical B:mental C:subconscious D:internal

People need to be active to be healthy. Our modern lifestyle and all the conveniences we’ve become used to have made us keep a long time sitting, such as sitting around in front of the TV or the computer, riding in the ear for even a short trip to the store and using elevators instead of stairs. That’s dangerous for our health. Physical inactivity is as dangerous to our health as smoking!
Add up your activities during the day in periods of at least 10 minutes each. Start slowly...and build up. If you’re already doing some light activities move up to more moderate ones. A little is good, but more is better if you want to achieve health benefits.
Scientists say accumulate 60 minutes of physical activity every day to stay healthy or improve your health. Time needed depends on effort—as you progress to moderate activities, you can cut down to thirty minutes, four days a week.
Physical activity doesn’t have to be very hard to improve your health. This goal can be reached by building physical activities into your daily routine. Just add up in periods of at least ten minutes each throughout the day. After three months of regular physical activity, you will notice a difference—people often say getting started is the hardest part.

A:they do not have time for physical activity B:getting started into physical activity is not so difficult C:getting started into physical activity is the most difficult part D:they prefer keeping the present situation to doing any activities

People need to be active to be healthy. Our modem lifestyle and all the conveniences we’ve become used to have made us sitting much of the time - and that’s dangerous for our health. Sitting around in front of the TV or the computer, riding in the car for even a short trip to the store and using elevators instead of stairs, all contribute to our inactivity. Physical inactivity is as dangerous to our health as smoking!
Add up your activities during the day in periods of at least 10 minutes each. Start slowly ... and build up. If you’re already doing some light activities move up to more moderate ones. A little is good, but more is better if you want to achieve health benefits.
Scientists say add up 60 minutes of physical activity every day to stay healthy or improve your health. Time needed depends on effort - as you progress to moderate activities, you can cut down to thirty minutes, four days a week.
Physical activity doesn’t have to be very hard to improve your health. This goal can be reached by building physical activities into your daily routine. Just add up in periods of at least ten minutes each throughout the day. After three months of regular physical activity, you will notice a difference - people often say getting started is the hardest part.
(From Handbook for Canada’s Physical Activity Guide to Healthy Active Living p. 4. Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology, Ottawa, Ontario, 1998)

A:they do not have time for physical activity B:they do not know the suitable physical activity C:getting into physical activity is not so difficult D:getting into physical activity is the most difficult part

People need to be active to be healthy. Our modem lifestyle and all the conveniences we’ve become used to have made us sitting much of the time - and that’s dangerous for our health. Sitting around in front of the TV or the computer, riding in the car for even a short trip to the store and using elevators instead of stairs, all contribute to our inactivity. Physical inactivity is as dangerous to our health as smoking!
Add up your activities during the day in periods of at least 10 minutes each. Start slowly ... and build up. If you’re already doing some light activities move up to more moderate ones. A little is good, but more is better if you want to achieve health benefits.
Scientists say add up 60 minutes of physical activity every day to stay healthy or improve your health. Time needed depends on effort - as you progress to moderate activities, you can cut down to thirty minutes, four days a week.
Physical activity doesn’t have to be very hard to improve your health. This goal can be reached by building physical activities into your daily routine. Just add up in periods of at least ten minutes each throughout the day. After three months of regular physical activity, you will notice a difference - people often say getting started is the hardest part.
(From Handbook for Canada’s Physical Activity Guide to Healthy Active Living p. 4. Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology, Ottawa, Ontario, 1998)

A:they do not have time for physical activity B:they do not know the suitable physical activity C:getting into physical activity is not so difficult D:getting into physical activity is the most difficult part

His (mind) remained (actively) (in spite of) his (physical) deterioration.

A:mind B:actively C:spite D:physical

His (mind) remained (actively) (in spite of) his (physical) deterioration.

A:mind B:actively C:spite D:physical