EffiCieNCy fACtoR：对于分组交换业务为有效因子，代表数据有效因子，可理解（）

A:EffiCieNCy fACtoR=1-误码率 B:激活因子 C:传输效率因子 D:其他

What can be said of the normal process of aging, from a linguistic point of view In general (1) , there is a clear and (2) relationship: no-one would have much difficulty (3) a baby, a young child, a teenager, a middle-aged person, or a very old person from a tape recording. With children, (4) is possible for specialists in language development, and people experienced (5) child care, to make very detailed (6) about how language correlates with age in the early years. (7) is known about the patterns of linguistic change that affect older people. It is plain that our voice quality, vocabulary, and style alter (8) we grow older, but research (9) the nature of these changes is in its earliest stages. However. a certain amount of (10) is available about the production and (11) of spoken language by very old people, especially regarding the phonetic changes that take place.
Speech is (12) to be affected by reductions in the (13) of the vocal organs. The muscles of the chest (14) , the lungs become less elastic, the ribs (15) mobile: as a result, respiratory efficiency at age 75 is only about half (16) at age 30, and this has (17) for the ability to speak loudly, rhythmically, and with good tone In addition, speech is affected by poorer movement of the soft palate and changes in the facial skeleton, especially around the mouth and jaw. There are other, more general signs of age. Speech rate slows, and fluency may be more erratic. Hearing (18) , especially after the early fifties. Weakening (19) of memory and attention may affect the ability to comprehend complex speech patterns. But it is (20) all had news: vocabulary awareness may continue to grow, as may stylistic ability—skills in narration, for example. And grammatical ability seems to be little affected.

13（）

A:effect B:voice C:efficiency D:sound

Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SIIEET 1.

A:effect B:voice C:efficiency D:sound

Design of all the new tools and implements is based on careful experiments with electronic instruments. First, a human "guinea pig" is tested using a regular tool. Measurements are taken of the amount Of work done, and the buildup of heat in the body. Twisted joints and stretched muscles can not perform as well, it has been found, as joints and muscles in their normal positions. The same person is then tested again, using a tool designed according to the suggestions made by Dr. Tichauer. All these tests have shown the great improvement of the new designs over the old.
One of the electronic instruments used by Dr. Tichauer, the myograph (肌动记器), makes visible through electrical signals the work done by human muscle.
Another machine measures any dangerous features of tools, thus proving information upon which to base a new design. One conclusion of tests made with this machine is that a tripod (三脚架) stepladder is more stable and safer to use than one with four legs.
This work has attracted the attention of efficiency experts and time-and-motion-study engineer, but its value goes far beyond that. Dr. Tichauer’s first thought is for the health of the tool user. With the repeated use of the same tool all day long on production lines and in other jobs, even light manual work can put a heavy stress on one small area of the body. In time, such stress can cause a disabling disease. Furthermore, muscle fatigue is a serious safety hazard.
Efficiency is the by-product of comfort, Dr. Tichauer believes, and his new designs for traditional tools have proved his point.

Dr. Tichauer started his experiments initially to （　）

A:improve efficiency B:increase production C:reduce workload D:improve comfort

Passage Two
Concern with money, and then more money, in order to buy the conveniences and luxuries of modern life, has brought great changes to the lives of most Frenchmen. More people are working harder than ever before in France. In the cities the traditional leisurely midday meal is disappearing. Offices, shops and factories are discovering the greater efficiency of a short lunch hour in company lunchroom. In almost all lines of work emphasis now falls on ever-increasing output. Thus the "typical" Frenchman produces more, earns more, and buys more consumer goods than the people of only a generation ago. He gains in creature comforts and ease of life. What he loses to some extent is his sense of personal uniqueness, or individuality.
Some say that France has been Americanized. This is because the United States is a world symbol of the technological society and its consumer products. The so-called Americanization of France has its critics. They fear that "assembly-line life" will lead to the disappearance of the pleasures of the more graceful and leisurely (but less productive) old French style. What will happen, they ask, to taste, elegance, and the cultivation of the good things in life -- to joy in the smell of a freshly picked apple, a stroll by the river, or just happy hours of conversation in a local cafe
Since the late 1950’s life in France has indeed taken on qualities of rush, tension, and the pursuit of material gains. Some of the strongest critics of the new way of life are young, especially university students. They are concerned with the future, and they fear that France is threatened by the triumph of this competitive culture. Occasionally, they have reacted against the trend with considerable violence.

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a feature of the new French way of life（）

A:Efficiency. B:Tension. C:Competition. D:Taste.

Design of all the new tools and implements is based on careful experiments with electronic instruments. First, a human "guinea pig" is tested using a regular tool. Measurements are taken of the amount Of work done, and the buildup of heat in the body. Twisted joints and stretched muscles can not perform as well, it has been found, as joints and muscles in their normal positions. The same person is then tested again, using a tool designed according to the suggestions made by Dr. Tichauer. All these tests have shown the great improvement of the new designs over the old.
One of the electronic instruments used by Dr. Tichauer, the myograph (肌动记器), makes visible through electrical signals the work done by human muscle.
Another machine measures any dangerous features of tools, thus proving information upon which to base a new design. One conclusion of tests made with this machine is that a tripod (三脚架) stepladder is more stable and safer to use than one with four legs.
This work has attracted the attention of efficiency experts and time-and-motion-study engineer, but its value goes far beyond that. Dr. Tichauer’s first thought is for the health of the tool user. With the repeated use of the same tool all day long on production lines and in other jobs, even light manual work can put a heavy stress on one small area of the body. In time, such stress can cause a disabling disease. Furthermore, muscle fatigue is a serious safety hazard.
Efficiency is the by-product of comfort, Dr. Tichauer believes, and his new designs for traditional tools have proved his point.
Dr. Tichauer started his experiments initially to ______ .

A:improve efficiency B:increase production C:reduce workload D:improve comfort

Passage Two
Concern with money, and then more money, in order to buy the conveniences and luxuries of modern life, has brought great changes to the lives of most Frenchmen. More people are working harder than ever before in France. In the cities the traditional leisurely midday meal is disappearing. Offices, shops and factories are discovering the greater efficiency of a short lunch hour in company lunchroom. In almost all lines of work emphasis now falls on ever-increasing output. Thus the "typical" Frenchman produces more, earns more, and buys more consumer goods than the people of only a generation ago. He gains in creature comforts and ease of life. What he loses to some extent is his sense of personal uniqueness, or individuality.
Some say that France has been Americanized. This is because the United States is a world symbol of the technological society and its consumer products. The so-called Americanization of France has its critics. They fear that "assembly-line life" will lead to the disappearance of the pleasures of the more graceful and leisurely (but less productive) old French style. What will happen, they ask, to taste, elegance, and the cultivation of the good things in life -- to joy in the smell of a freshly picked apple, a stroll by the river, or just happy hours of conversation in a local cafe
Since the late 1950’s life in France has indeed taken on qualities of rush, tension, and the pursuit of material gains. Some of the strongest critics of the new way of life are young, especially university students. They are concerned with the future, and they fear that France is threatened by the triumph of this competitive culture. Occasionally, they have reacted against the trend with considerable violence.

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a feature of the new French way of life（　）

A:Efficiency. B:Tension. C:Competition. D:Taste.

A corporation is a firm owned by one or more individuals who own shares of stock that define ownership and rights to profits. Liability is limited to the value of corporation assets. Although corporations constitute the smallest category of business organization in the United States, they conduct most of the business. In 1998. corporations accounted for just 19 percent of the total number of firms in the economy but 90 percent of total business revenuers. From these numbers we can infer that many large firms are corporations and that this form of business organization possesses certain advantages over the proprietorship and the partnership in conducting large-scale production and marketing.
In a corporation, ownership is divided into equal parts called shares of stock. Shares are the equal portions into which ownership of a corporation is divided. If any stockholder dies or sells out to a new owner, the existence of the business organization is not terminated or endangered as it is in a proprietorship or partnership. For this reason the corporation is said to possess the feature of continuity(连续性).
Another feature that makes the corporation radically different from other forms of business organization is share transferability—the right of owners to transfer their shares by sale or gift without having to obtain the permission of other shareholders(股东). For many large organizations, shares of stock are traded on a stock market such as the New York Stock Exchange. Other corporations, however, are smaller, and their shares are traded so seldom that they are not even listed on formal stock exchanges. The shares of these firms are traded by in- dependent stockbrokers(股票经纪人) on the over-the-counter market.
Share transferability is the most economically important feature of the corporation; in fact, share transferability is one reason for the origin of the corporation. It allows owners and managers to specialize, increasing efficiency and profitability in the firm. Owners of stock in a corporation do not need to be concerned with the day-to-day operations of the firm. All that owners need to do is observe the changing price of the firm’s shares on the stock market to decide whether the company is being competently managed if they are dissatisfied with the performance of the company, they can sell their stock. Managers, on the other hand, specialize in reviewing the day-to-day operations of the corporation.
Still another feature of the corporation is limited liability. Corporate shareholders are responsible for the debts or liabilities of the corporation only to the extent that they have invested in it. Many investors preferinvestments in which their risk of personal loss is strictly limited; the amount of direct investment in corporations is therefore increased as a result of the limited liability involved.
One defining feature of the corporation is ______.

A:profitability B:credibility C:efficiency D:share of transferability

? ?A corporation is a firm owned by one or more individuals who own shares of stock that define ownership and rights to profits. Liability is limited to the value of corporation assets. Although corporations constitute the smallest category of business organization in the United States, they conduct most of the business. In 1998. corporations accounted for just 19 percent of the total number of firms in the economy but 90 percent of total business revenuers. From these numbers we can infer that many large firms are corporations and that this form of business organization possesses certain advantages over the proprietorship and the partnership in conducting large-scale production and marketing.
? ?In a corporation, ownership is divided into equal parts called shares of stock. Shares are the equal portions into which ownership of a corporation is divided. If any stockholder dies or sells out to a new owner, the existence of the business organization is not terminated or endangered as it is in a proprietorship or partnership. For this reason the corporation is said to possess the feature of continuity(连续性).
? ?Another feature that makes the corporation radically different from other forms of business organization is share transferability-the right of owners to transfer their shares by sale or gift without having to obtain the permission of other shareholders(股东). For many large organizations, shares of stock are traded on a stock market such as the New York Stock Exchange. Other corporations, however, are smaller, and their shares are traded so seldom that they are not even listed on formal stock exchanges. The shares of these firms are traded by independent stockbrokers(股票经纪人) on the over-the-counter market.
? ?Share transferability is the most economically important feature of the corporation; in fact, share transferability is one reason for the origin of the corporation. It allows owners and managers to specialize, increasing efficiency and profitability in the firm. Owners of stock in a corporation do not need to be concerned with the day-to-day operations of the firm. All that owners need to do is observe the changing price of the firm’s shares on the stock market to decide whether the company is being competently managed if they are dissatisfied with the performance of the company, they can sell their stock. Managers, on the other hand , specialize in reviewing the day-to-day operations of the corporation.
? ?Still another feature of the corporation is limited liability. Corporate shareholders are responsible for the debts or liabilities of the corporation only to the extent that they have invested in it. Many investors prefer investments in which their risk of personal loss is strictly limited; the amount of direct investment in corporations is therefore increased as a result of the limited liability involved.

One defining feature of the corporation is______

A:profitability B:credibility C:efficiency D:share of transferability