铸造冠修复2年，反复脱落，要求重做；查：远中、面银汞充填，龈距2mm左右，面与对颌牙间隙约1mm，轴壁聚合度约5°，对颌牙中度磨耗，牙片示根充恰填，经询问患者喜欢吃较硬食物。

脱落主要原因

A:粘结剂性能差 B:牙合力过大 C:轴壁聚合度过大 D:饮食习惯不良 E:牙合龈距过低

乳牙期及替牙期的局部障碍是形成错畸形的局部因素

在第一恒磨牙萌出之前，多数乳磨牙缺失，迫使患儿采用前牙咀嚼时，会出现

A:下颌逐渐后移 B:日久形成假性远中错 C:上前切牙前突 D:开唇露齿 E:日久形成真性下颌前突

某男性患者，59岁，87651丨1缺失，余留牙均健康

可摘局部义齿修复，基牙应该选择

A:43丨2 B:43丨45 C:4丨56 D:4丨47 E:43丨457

某女性患者，21岁，外伤导致冠折，露髓，折断面至龈下2．5mm，x线片显示，折断面在牙槽骨下1mm，根长14mm， 折断面平齐龈缘，根长11mm，松动Ⅱ度，无松动

初诊后首先的治疗步骤是

A:拔除 B:拔除 C:根管治疗 D:根管桩+树脂核+烤瓷冠修复 E:A+D

某男性患者，9岁，面中份凹陷，面下1／3高度偏小，下颌前伸，前牙反，可退至切。磨牙近中关系，ANB0°。上前牙略内倾。下前牙直立

对该患者诊断为

A:安氏Ⅱ类1分类 B:安氏Ⅱ类2分类 C:安氏Ⅲ类错 D:安氏Ⅰ类错 E:单纯的前牙深覆

某男患儿，8岁，1小时前外伤求诊。检查见左近中切角缺损未露髓，探面敏感

上前牙牙根发育完成的年龄是

A:6～8岁 B:7～9岁 C:9～12岁 D:12～14岁 E:18岁

某男性患者，28岁，近中倾斜阻生，远中颈部可疑龋坏。现拟拔除

对拔除阻生牙最重要的检查是

A:右下7的龋坏程度 B:右下7、右下8牙合牙情况 C:检查患者的张口度 D:右下7、右下8周有无炎症 E:右下7、右下8的x线片

Hospital Mistreatment

　According to a study, most medical interns report experiencing mistreatment, including humiliation by senior doctors,   1    threatened, or physical abuse in their first year out of medical school.

The findings come from analysis of the    2    a 13-page survey mailed in January 1991 to 1, 733 second-year residents. The survey and   3    appear in the April 15th issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association.

Overall, out of the 1,277 residents   4    completed surveys, 1,185 said that they had experienced at least one incident of mistreatment in their intern year.   5     reporting incidents where they were abused, more than 45% of the residents said they had witnessed at least one incident where other persons    6     false medical records. Moreover, nearly three quarters of the residents said they had witnessed mistreatment of patients by other residents, attending physicians¹, or nurses. Almost 40% said patient mistreatment was a frequent   7    .

More than 10% of the residents said they were   8    to have enough sleep, and the average number of hours   9    sleep was 37.6. The average on-call hours during a    10     week was 56.9 hours, but about 25% of the residents said their on-call assignments were more than 80 hours some weeks.

   11     30% of the residents said they experienced some type of sexual harassment or discrimination, verbal abuse was the most common problem cited. When abusive incidents were limited to events occurring three or more times, 53% of the respondents reported that they    12    belittled or humiliated by more senior residents, while just over 21% reported someone taking credit for their work. Being “   13     tasks for² punishment,” “being pushed, kicked or hit,” and

   14     someone “threatening your reputation or career,” were reported as a more    15    occurrence by over 10% of the responding residents.

词汇：

verbal  /"vɜːb(ə)l/ adj. 言语(上)的

intern  /"ɪntɜːn/  n. 实习医师

respondent  /rɪ"spɒnd(ə)nt/  n.回答者

assignment  /ə"saɪnm(ə)nt/  n. 分配任务

belittle  /bɪ"lɪt(ə)l/  vt. 轻视；贬低

sexual  /"sekʃʊəl; -sjʊəl/  adj. 性的

humiliate  /hjʊ"mɪlɪeɪt/  vt.使蒙羞，使丢脸

harassment  /"hærəsm(ə)nt/ n. 骚扰

humiliation  /,hjuːmɪlɪ"eɪʃən/  n. 羞辱

discrimination  /dɪ,skrɪmɪ"neɪʃ(ə)n/  n. 歧视

resident  /"rezɪd(ə)nt/  adj.住院医生

abuse  /ə"bjuːz/  n.&vt. 虐待，凌辱

incident  /"ɪnsɪd(ə)nt/  n. 偶发事件，小事件

abusive  /ə"bjuːsɪv/  adj. 侮辱人的，说人坏话

witness  /"wɪtnɪs/  vt. 亲眼看见

注释：
1.attending physician:主治医师

2.take/get credit for…:因….而出名

空9

A:without B:on C:with D:because of

Life Expectancy in the Last Hundred Years

　　A hundred years ago，life expectancy in developed countries was about 47: in the early 21st century, men in the United States and the United Kingdom can expect to live to about 74. Women to about 80, and these    1    are rising all the time. What has brought    2    these changes? When we look at the life    3    of people l00 years ago, we need to look at the greatest    4    of the time. In the early 20th century, these were the acute and often     5     infectious diseases such as smallpox. Many children died very young from these diseases and others, and the weak and elderly were always at risk.
　　In the    6    world these diseases are far    7    today, and in some cases have almost disappeared. A number of    8    have led to this: improvements in sanitation and hygiene, the discovery and use of antibiotics, which    9    bacterial diseases much less dangerous, and vaccinations  10  common diseases.    11   , people"s general health has improved with improvements in our general environment: cleaner air, better means of preserving food，better and warmer housing，and better understanding of nutrition.
　　Genetically，we should all be able to live to about 85 but    12    people do live longer today, there are still some big killers around that are preventing US from consistently reaching that age. The problems that affect people today are the more chronic illnesses, such as heart disease and strokes, and those    13    by viruses, such as influenza and AIDS¹. Of course, cancer is a huge killer as well. In most cases these diseases affect    14    people, but there are worrying trends in the developed world with problems such as obesity    15    more heart disease and illnesses such as diabetes at younger ages.
　　The killers today can be classed as "lifestyle diseases"，which means that it may be possible to halt their progress.

词汇：
expectancy/ ɪk"spektənsɪ/ n．预期 

acute / əˈkju:t /adj．(疾病)急性的

infectious/ ɪnˈfekʃəs/ adj．传染性的 

smallpox / ˈsmɔ:lpɒks /n.天花

sanitation/ ˌsænɪˈteɪʃn/ n．环境卫生 

hygiene/ ˈhaɪdʒi:n/ n．个人卫生 

antibiotic / ˌæntibaɪˈɒtɪk /n．抗生素

bacterial/ bæk"tɪərɪəl/ adj．细菌性的 

vaccination / ˌvæksɪ"neɪʃn /n．种痘，接种

preserve/ prɪˈzɜ:v/ vt．保藏，防止(食物)腐烂 

nutrition/ njuˈtrɪʃn/ n．营养

chronic / "krɒnɪk /adj．(疾病)慢性的 

stroke/ strəʊk/ n．中风

virus / "vaɪrəs /n．病毒 

influenza / ˌɪnflʊ"enzə /n．流行性感冒

trend/ trend/ n．趋势，倾向 

obesity/ əʊ"bi:sətɪ/ n．肥胖

diabetes/ ˌdaɪəˈbi:ti:z/ n．糖尿病 

注释：