VF考试
VF考试
Formal economic forecasting is usually based on a (1) theory as to how the economy works. Some theories are complicated, and their application requires an elaborate (2) of cause and effect. Others are relatively simple, (3) most developments in the economy to one or two basic factors. Many economists, for example, believe that changes in the supply of money (4) the rate of growth of general business activity. Others (5) a central role to investment in new facilities-- housing, industrial plants, highways, and so forth. In the United States, where consumers (6) such a large share of economic activity, some economy believe that consumer decisions to (7) or save provide the principal (8) to the future course of the entire economy. Obviously the theory that a forecaster applies is of (9) importance to the forecasting process; it (10) his line of investigation, the statistics he will regard as most important, and many of the techniques he will apply.
Although economic theory may determine the general (11) of a forecast, judgment also often plays an important role. A forecaster may decide that the circumstances of the moment are (12) and that a forecast produced by the (13) statistical methods should be modified to take account of special current circumstances. This is particularly necessary when some event outside the Usual run of economic activity has an a (14) economic effect. For example, forecasts of 1987 economic activity in the United States were more accurate when the analyst correctly foresaw that the exchange value of the dollar would (15) sharply during the year that consumer spending would slacken, and that (16) rates would rise only moderately. None of these conclusions followed (17) purely economic analysis; they all required judgment as to future decisions (18) , an economist may decide to adjust an economic forecast that was made by traditional methods to take account of other unique (19) ; he may, for example, decide that consumers will (20) their spending patterns because of special circumstances such as rising price of imports or fear of threatened shortages.
A:odd B:strange C:unique D:common
Formal economic forecasting is usually based on a (1) theory as to how the economy works. Some theories are complicated, and their application requires an elaborate (2) of cause and effect. Others are relatively simple, (3) most developments in the economy to one or two basic factors. Many economists, for example, believe that changes in the supply of money (4) the rate of growth of general business activity. Others (5) a central role to investment in new facilities-- housing, industrial plants, highways, and so forth. In the United States, where consumers (6) such a large share of economic activity, some economy believe that consumer decisions to (7) or save provide the principal (8) to the future course of the entire economy. Obviously the theory that a forecaster applies is of (9) importance to the forecasting process; it (10) his line of investigation, the statistics he will regard as most important, and many of the techniques he will apply.
Although economic theory may determine the general (11) of a forecast, judgment also often plays an important role. A forecaster may decide that the circumstances of the moment are (12) and that a forecast produced by the (13) statistical methods should be modified to take account of special current circumstances. This is particularly necessary when some event outside the Usual run of economic activity has an a (14) economic effect. For example, forecasts of 1987 economic activity in the United States were more accurate when the analyst correctly foresaw that the exchange value of the dollar would (15) sharply during the year that consumer spending would slacken, and that (16) rates would rise only moderately. None of these conclusions followed (17) purely economic analysis; they all required judgment as to future decisions (18) , an economist may decide to adjust an economic forecast that was made by traditional methods to take account of other unique (19) ; he may, for example, decide that consumers will (20) their spending patterns because of special circumstances such as rising price of imports or fear of threatened shortages.
A:specific B:peculiar C:unique D:unified
Formal economic forecasting is usually based on a (1) theory as to how the economy works. Some theories are complicated, and their application requires an elaborate (2) of cause and effect. Others are relatively simple, (3) most developments in the economy to one or two basic factors. Many economists, for example, believe that changes in the supply of money (4) the rate of growth of general business activity. Others (5) a central role to investment in new facilities-- housing, industrial plants, highways, and so forth. In the United States, where consumers (6) such a large share of economic activity, some economy believe that consumer decisions to (7) or save provide the principal (8) to the future course of the entire economy. Obviously the theory that a forecaster applies is of (9) importance to the forecasting process; it (10) his line of investigation, the statistics he will regard as most important, and many of the techniques he will apply.
Although economic theory may determine the general (11) of a forecast, judgment also often plays an important role. A forecaster may decide that the circumstances of the moment are (12) and that a forecast produced by the (13) statistical methods should be modified to take account of special current circumstances. This is particularly necessary when some event outside the Usual run of economic activity has an a (14) economic effect. For example, forecasts of 1987 economic activity in the United States were more accurate when the analyst correctly foresaw that the exchange value of the dollar would (15) sharply during the year that consumer spending would slacken, and that (16) rates would rise only moderately. None of these conclusions followed (17) purely economic analysis; they all required judgment as to future decisions (18) , an economist may decide to adjust an economic forecast that was made by traditional methods to take account of other unique (19) ; he may, for example, decide that consumers will (20) their spending patterns because of special circumstances such as rising price of imports or fear of threatened shortages.
A:specific B:peculiar C:unique D:unified
Formal economic forecasting is usually based on a (1) theory as to how the economy works. Some theories are complicated, and their application requires an elaborate (2) of cause and effect. Others are relatively simple, (3) most developments in the economy to one or two basic factors. Many economists, for example, believe that changes in the supply of money (4) the rate of growth of general business activity. Others (5) a central role to investment in new facilities-- housing, industrial plants, highways, and so forth. In the United States, where consumers (6) such a large share of economic activity, some economy believe that consumer decisions to (7) or save provide the principal (8) to the future course of the entire economy. Obviously the theory that a forecaster applies is of (9) importance to the forecasting process; it (10) his line of investigation, the statistics he will regard as most important, and many of the techniques he will apply.
Although economic theory may determine the general (11) of a forecast, judgment also often plays an important role. A forecaster may decide that the circumstances of the moment are (12) and that a forecast produced by the (13) statistical methods should be modified to take account of special current circumstances. This is particularly necessary when some event outside the Usual run of economic activity has an a (14) economic effect. For example, forecasts of 1987 economic activity in the United States were more accurate when the analyst correctly foresaw that the exchange value of the dollar would (15) sharply during the year that consumer spending would slacken, and that (16) rates would rise only moderately. None of these conclusions followed (17) purely economic analysis; they all required judgment as to future decisions (18) , an economist may decide to adjust an economic forecast that was made by traditional methods to take account of other unique (19) ; he may, for example, decide that consumers will (20) their spending patterns because of special circumstances such as rising price of imports or fear of threatened shortages.
A:odd B:strange C:unique D:common
The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. But Gregory Cochran is (1) to say it anyway. He is that (2) bird, a scientist who works independently (3) any institution. He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not (4) thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested.
(5) he, however, might tremble at the (6) of what he is about to do. Together with another two scientists, he is publishing a paper which not only (7) that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about. The group in (8) are a particular people originated from central Europe. The process is natural selection.
This group generally do well in IQ test, (9) 12-15 points above the (10) value of 100, and have contributed (11) to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the (12) of their elites, including several world-renowned scientists, (13) . They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases, such as breast cancer. These facts, (14) , have previously been thought unrelated. The former has been (15) to social effects, such as a strong tradition of (16) education. The latter was seen as a (an) (17) of genetic isolation. Dr. Cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseases are intimately (18) . His argument is that the unusual history of these people has (19) them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this (20) state of affairs.
A:unique B:particular C:special D:rare
第二篇DNA Fingerprinting DNA is the genetic material found within the cell nuclei of all living things. In mammals the strands of DNA are grouped into structures called chromosomes. With the exception of identical siblings (as in identical twins), the complete DNA of each individual is unique. DNA fingerprinting is sometimes called DNA typing. It is a method of identification that compares bits of DNA. A DNA fingerprint is constructed by first drawing out a DNA sample from body tissue or fluid such as hair, blood, or saliva. The sample is then segmented using enzymes, and the segments are arranged by size. The segments are marked with probes and exposed on X-ray film, where they form a pattern of black bars — the DNA fingerprint. If the DNA fingerprints produced from two different samples match, the two samples probably came from the same person. DNA fingerprinting was first developed as an identification technique in 1985. Originally used to detect the presence of genetic diseases, it soon came to be used in criminal investigations and legal affairs. The first criminal conviction based on DNA evidence in the United States occurred in 1988. In criminal investigations, DNA fingerprints derived from evidence collected at the crime scene are compared to the DNA fingerprints of suspects.Generally, courts have accepted the reliability of DNA testing and admitted DNA test results into evidence. However, DNA fingerprinting is controversial in a number of areas: the accuracy of the results, the cost of testing, and the possible misuse of the technique. The accuracy of DNA fingerprinting has been challenged for several reasons. First, because DNA segments rather than complete DNA strands are “fingerprinted”; a DNA fingerprint may not be unique; large-scale research to confirm the uniqueness of DNA fingerprinting test results has not been conducted. In addition, DNA fingerprinting is often done in private laboratories that may not follow uniform testing standards and quality controls. Also,since human beings must interpret the test, human error could lead to false results. DNA fingerprinting is expensive. Suspects who are unable to provide their own DNA to experts may not be able to successfully defend themselves against charges based on DNA evidence. Widespread use of DNA testing for identification purposes may lead to the establishment of a DNA fingerprint database.If two sisters are identical twins, their complete DNAs are
A:the same. B:unique. C:different. D:similar.
Questions from 31 to 35 are based on the following passage: A garment label is more than just a piece of fabric. It is something that draws the attention of customers to the garment. In today’s times, labels actually help in selling a garment. Customers decide whether to buy a piece of apparel or not on the basis of its label. Labels communicate to the customer what types of materials have been used in making the garment. Different manufacturers use their own special type of labels to create their own distinct identity. A label might be custom-made by a manufacturer to make it unique. Beautiful, customized labels add to the beauty and style of the garment. Each brand produced by the manufacturer is usually distinguishable on the basis of a special symbol, color or word. This is reflected through the label. Garment labels can be made using several fabrics, in different types of finishes and can be attached to the garment in different styles. The fabrics that are commonly used in the preparation of labels are satin, damask, semi-damask and taffeta. In some cases, cotton, canvas and felt are also used in making labels. Satin is the most used fabric in preparing labels. Leather labels are generally used in case of jeans and pants. PVC labels are used in pants and bags. Satin is soft on the skin and looks very pretty initially. However, it is not one of the best fabrics to be used in labels because it is very thin and can snag easily. Labels made using taffeta are stiffer than those of satin and do not snag as easily. However, taffeta labels can irritate the skin of the customers. Damask and semi-damask are ideal fabrics for making labels. Damask labels are soft even after finishing and do not cause any irritation to the customer. Semi-damask is similar to damask in feel, but it costs lesser than damask. The labels communicate to the customer with the information except（ ）.
A:the material types used B:the unique style and distinct identity C:the reasons for purchasing D:being beautiful and unique
Questions from 36 to 40 are based on the following passage: A garment label is more than just a piece of fabric. It is something that draws the attention of customers to the garment. In today’s times, labels actually help in selling a garment. Customers decide whether to buy a piece of apparel or not on the basis of its label. Labels communicate to the customer what types of materials have been used in making the garment. Different manufacturers use their own special type of labels to create their own distinct identity. A label might be custom-made by a manufacturer to make it unique. Beautiful, customized labels add to the beauty and style of the garment. Each brand produced by the manufacturer is usually distinguishable on the basis of a special symbol, color or word. This is reflected through the label. Garment labels can be made using several fabrics, in different types of finishes and can be attached to the garment in different styles. The fabrics that are commonly used in the preparation of labels are satin, damask, semi-damask and taffeta. In some cases, cotton, canvas and felt are also used in making labels. Satin is the most used fabric in preparing labels. Leather labels are generally used in case of jeans and pants. PVC labels are used in pants and bags. Satin is soft on the skin and looks very pretty initially. However, it is not one of the best fabrics to be used in labels because it is very thin and can snag easily. Labels made using taffeta are stiffer than those of satin and do not snag as easily. However, taffeta labels can irritate the skin of the customers. Damask and semi-damask are ideal fabrics for making labels. Damask labels are soft even after finishing and do not cause any irritation to the customer. Semi-damask is similar to damask in feel, but it costs lesser than damask.
The labels communicate to the customer with the information except（）A:the material types used B:the unique style and distinct identity C:the reasons for purchasing D:being beautiful and unique
