Privacy Worry May Keep HIV2¹ Patients from Therapy

    Patients infected with HIV are often concerned about² the confidentiality of their HIV-positive status. In fact, some patients are so worried that they will actually give up treatment to prevent the release of this information, according to a report published in the August issue of AIDS Care.

    Dr. Kathryn Whetten-Goldstein and colleagues from DukeUniversity,Durham, North Carolina³, studied the confidentiality issues of 15 HIV-infected patients from ruralNorth Carolinalocations. They were divided into groups designed to explore their attitudes toward, and experiences with, breaches in confidentiality.

    “The fear of a breach in confidentiality is definitely affecting the care that HIV-infected patients receive,”  Whetten-Goldstein said. “Most studied patients had experienced or knew someone who had experienced a breach in confidentiality.”

    “Two types of breaches occurred, ”Whetten-Goldstein noted. “The first was a more obvious type of breach. One example was a nurse who told her child that her patient was HIV-positive out of concern that her child would play with the patient’s child.⁴”

     “The other type of breach was more subtle, one that providers might not consider breaches, ⁵” Whetten-Goldstein explained. “This type of breach involves providers talking about a patient’s HIV status without the patient’s knowledge of the interaction.”

    “The law allows the sharing of information between providers within the same institution, but patient’s consent must be obtained before providers at different institutions can share information,” she pointed out.

    “Patients in the study wanted providers to tell them when they are going to share information with other providers and why it is being done,” Whetten-Goldstein said. “They also felt that providers should be punished when a breach occurs.”

    “However, because patients are often reluctant to seek legal action which may further expose their status, they felt that the system should regulate itself,” she added.

词汇：

privacy /ˈpraɪvəsi,ˈprɪvəsi/ n.隐私,秘密
breach /bri:tʃ/n.破坏,违反
therapy /"θerəpɪ/ n.疗法,治疗
consent /kən"sent/ n.答应,允许
confidentiality /ˌkɒnfɪˌdenʃiˈæləti/ n.保密性
regulate /"reɡjʊleɪt/ vt.调整

注释：

1.HIV (human immunodeficiency virus):人类免疫缺陷病毒
2.be concerned about:为……而担心（忧虑、烦恼）
3. North Carolina：(美国）北卡罗来纳州
4.One example was... with the patient’s child.例子之一就是某个护士由于担心自己的孩子会与病人的孩子一起玩,所以就告诉自己的孩子,这个病人是HIV阳性的病人。本句中who 至the patient’s child 是nurse 的定语从句,其中that her patient was HIV-positive又是told的宾语从句；out of concern (出于担心）是介词短语,作told的状语；而that her child would play with the patient’s child 则是concern的同位语从句。
5.one that providers might not consider breaches：即医生可能不认为是泄露个人机密的一类。one是代词,代替type,作the other type的同位语，that至breaches是one的定语从句，that在定语从句中作consider的宾语，breaches是宾语补足语。而provider则是指美国经保险公司认可为投保人看病的医生。

Quite a few patients will firmly defend their own right if such a breach occurs

A:Right B:Wrong C:Not mentioned

Stomach Ulcer

    Stomach ulcers are the cause of severe pain for many people. Doctors have been able to help lessen the pain of ulcers. They could not cure them. Now doctors have discovered a cause of ulcers. This means they may have found a way to cure people who suffer from the stomach pain. Studies show that ten percent of the population will develop an ulcer at some time in their life. So a possible cure is good news for many people.

    Ulcers are wounds in the stomach that are similar to small cuts or tears¹. These wounds can harm the tissue in the stomach²，the pipe that carries the food to the stomach or parts of the small intestines. Fluids in the stomach then increase the pain of an ulcer. How does a person know he or she has an ulcer? Doctors say most people with ulcers feel a burning pain in their chest or stomach³. This pain often is called heartburn. It usually happens before eating or during the night. It causes some people to lose their desire to eat, or they are unable to keep food in their stomachs. Doctors believed that ulcers were caused by unusually strong stomach fluids, which damaged stomach tissue. Now they have discovered that most ulcers are caused by a bacterial organism called Hillico Bactor Pilorie or H Pilorie. H Pilorie bacteria are what make stomach produce extra stomach fluid. Doctors found that they can kill the bacteria with medicines called antibiotics. Health experts say the discovery of a cure for ulcers can save thousands of millions of dollars in medical costs. They also believe curing ulcers will reduce the number of people who develop stomach cancer. The number of people with stomach cancer is very high in Japan, Southeast Asia and parts ofAfrica.

    Doctors say a person is more likely to get an ulcer if someone in his or her family has had one. In fact a person with the family history of ulcers is three times more likely to get one than other people. There are ways people can protect themselves from developing an ulcer. Doctors say it is more important to reduce the amount of strong fluids in the stomach. To do this, doctors say, people should not smoke cigarettes or drink alcohol. And they say people should reduce tension in their lives.

词汇：

ulcer /"ʌlsə(r)/ n.溃疡
heartburn /"hɑ:tbɜ:n/ n.胃灼热,烧心
tear /teə(r)/ n.裂缝,破绽,裂口
antibiotic /ˌæntibaɪˈɒtɪk/ n. 抗生素
intestine /ɪnˈtestɪn/ n. 肠

注释：

1.    small cuts or tears :小割伤或撕伤
2.    the tissue in the stomach：胃内组织
3.    feel a burning pain in their chest or stomach：感到心窝或胃部有烧灼痛感

Doctors have discovered a cause of ulcers after many years of experiments

A:Right B:Wrong C:Not mentioned

Stomach Ulcer

    Stomach ulcers are the cause of severe pain for many people. Doctors have been able to help lessen the pain of ulcers. They could not cure them. Now doctors have discovered a cause of ulcers. This means they may have found a way to cure people who suffer from the stomach pain. Studies show that ten percent of the population will develop an ulcer at some time in their life. So a possible cure is good news for many people.

    Ulcers are wounds in the stomach that are similar to small cuts or tears¹. These wounds can harm the tissue in the stomach²，the pipe that carries the food to the stomach or parts of the small intestines. Fluids in the stomach then increase the pain of an ulcer. How does a person know he or she has an ulcer? Doctors say most people with ulcers feel a burning pain in their chest or stomach³. This pain often is called heartburn. It usually happens before eating or during the night. It causes some people to lose their desire to eat, or they are unable to keep food in their stomachs. Doctors believed that ulcers were caused by unusually strong stomach fluids, which damaged stomach tissue. Now they have discovered that most ulcers are caused by a bacterial organism called Hillico Bactor Pilorie or H Pilorie. H Pilorie bacteria are what make stomach produce extra stomach fluid. Doctors found that they can kill the bacteria with medicines called antibiotics. Health experts say the discovery of a cure for ulcers can save thousands of millions of dollars in medical costs. They also believe curing ulcers will reduce the number of people who develop stomach cancer. The number of people with stomach cancer is very high in Japan, Southeast Asia and parts ofAfrica.

    Doctors say a person is more likely to get an ulcer if someone in his or her family has had one. In fact a person with the family history of ulcers is three times more likely to get one than other people. There are ways people can protect themselves from developing an ulcer. Doctors say it is more important to reduce the amount of strong fluids in the stomach. To do this, doctors say, people should not smoke cigarettes or drink alcohol. And they say people should reduce tension in their lives.

词汇：

ulcer /"ʌlsə(r)/ n.溃疡
heartburn /"hɑ:tbɜ:n/ n.胃灼热,烧心
tear /teə(r)/ n.裂缝,破绽,裂口
antibiotic /ˌæntibaɪˈɒtɪk/ n. 抗生素
intestine /ɪnˈtestɪn/ n. 肠

注释：

1.    small cuts or tears :小割伤或撕伤
2.    the tissue in the stomach：胃内组织
3.    feel a burning pain in their chest or stomach：感到心窝或胃部有烧灼痛感

There has been a change in doctors’ understanding of the cause of stomach ulcers

A:Right B:Wrong C:Not mentioned

Stomach Ulcer

    Stomach ulcers are the cause of severe pain for many people. Doctors have been able to help lessen the pain of ulcers. They could not cure them. Now doctors have discovered a cause of ulcers. This means they may have found a way to cure people who suffer from the stomach pain. Studies show that ten percent of the population will develop an ulcer at some time in their life. So a possible cure is good news for many people.

    Ulcers are wounds in the stomach that are similar to small cuts or tears¹. These wounds can harm the tissue in the stomach²，the pipe that carries the food to the stomach or parts of the small intestines. Fluids in the stomach then increase the pain of an ulcer. How does a person know he or she has an ulcer? Doctors say most people with ulcers feel a burning pain in their chest or stomach³. This pain often is called heartburn. It usually happens before eating or during the night. It causes some people to lose their desire to eat, or they are unable to keep food in their stomachs. Doctors believed that ulcers were caused by unusually strong stomach fluids, which damaged stomach tissue. Now they have discovered that most ulcers are caused by a bacterial organism called Hillico Bactor Pilorie or H Pilorie. H Pilorie bacteria are what make stomach produce extra stomach fluid. Doctors found that they can kill the bacteria with medicines called antibiotics. Health experts say the discovery of a cure for ulcers can save thousands of millions of dollars in medical costs. They also believe curing ulcers will reduce the number of people who develop stomach cancer. The number of people with stomach cancer is very high in Japan, Southeast Asia and parts ofAfrica.

    Doctors say a person is more likely to get an ulcer if someone in his or her family has had one. In fact a person with the family history of ulcers is three times more likely to get one than other people. There are ways people can protect themselves from developing an ulcer. Doctors say it is more important to reduce the amount of strong fluids in the stomach. To do this, doctors say, people should not smoke cigarettes or drink alcohol. And they say people should reduce tension in their lives.

词汇：

ulcer /"ʌlsə(r)/ n.溃疡
heartburn /"hɑ:tbɜ:n/ n.胃灼热,烧心
tear /teə(r)/ n.裂缝,破绽,裂口
antibiotic /ˌæntibaɪˈɒtɪk/ n. 抗生素
intestine /ɪnˈtestɪn/ n. 肠

注释：

1.    small cuts or tears :小割伤或撕伤
2.    the tissue in the stomach：胃内组织
3.    feel a burning pain in their chest or stomach：感到心窝或胃部有烧灼痛感

People who eat a lot of spicy food are also susceptible to stomach ulcers

A:Right B:Wrong C:Not mentioned

Beyond the Pap

    Scientists have known for some time that virtually all cases of cervical cancer are triggered by a family of viruses called human papillomavirus, or HPV. ¹Most women who become infected with HPV are able to shake off the virus and suffer no apparent long-term consequences to their health. But a few women develop a persistent infection that can, for reasons that are not entirely clear, eventually lead to cancerous changes in the cervix.

     Now researchers at the Digene Corp of Beltsville,Maryland, have developed a test that detects an active HPV infection by looking for its genetic byproducts in the vagina. The HPV test was better than the standard Pap test at finding cervical cancer at any stage, according to two studies published this month in the Journal of the American Medical Association. So far, so good. Unfortunately, the test"s false-positive rate—how often it indicated that there was a problem when none existed was almost twice as high as that for the Pap smear.² In these cases, a biopsy of the woman’s cervix showed no sign of disease.

    And that’s the crux of the problem. How many women should undergo what is, when it comes right down to it, unnecessary treatment to find a few more cases of cervical cancer?³ Shouldn’t health officials focus instead on making sure that more women undergo regular Pap-smear examinations? After all, Pap smears, though far from perfect, have helped dramatically lower the death toll from cervical cancer taking it from the No. 1 cause of death due to cancer in American women to the 10th.

    Complicating matters is the fact that HPV is a very common infection. In some parts of theU.S.as many as half of all women under age 35 have an active case. Yet 99 out of 100 women who are HPV-positive will never get cervical cancer, estimates Dr. Joanna Cain, vice president of theAmericanCollegeof Obstetricians and Gynecologists. “If those 99 women live their lives as if they’re going to develop cancer”, she says, “we’re not necessarily doing them any good.”

    At present, the HPV test is approved in theU. S.only to help resolve ambiguous results from a Pap-Smear test. Many gynecologists believe that HPV will eventually replace the pap. But they’re not willing to abandon it without a lot more detailed information and neither should you.

词汇：

cervical /"sɜ:vɪkl/ adj.颈的；子宫颈的

trigger / "trɪɡə(r) / vt. 发动，引起；促使
papillomavirus / pæpɪ"ləʊməvaɪrəs/ n.乳头状瘤病毒 cancerous / "kænsərəs/ adj.生癌的；患癌的；像癌的
cervix /"sɜ:vɪks/ n.器官的颈部(尤指子宫颈，膀胱劲) byproduct / "baɪˌprɒdʌkt/ n.(意外或无心的)附带产生的结果；副产品
vagina /və"dʒaɪnə/ n.阴道

Pap smear，Pap test = Papanicolaou test尼科拉乌试验，巴氏试验
smear /smɪə(r) / n.（显微镜的）涂片；污迹，污斑；诽谤，诋毁
biopsy /ˈbaɪˌɑpsi/ n.活组织检查；（为检查和诊断而作的）活组织切除
obstetrician /ˌɒbstəˈtrɪʃn/ n.产科医师

gynecologist /ˌgaɪnɪ"kɒlədʒɪst/ n.妇科学家
ambiguous /æmˈbɪgjuəs/ adj. 含糊不清的；不明确的；难以理解（或区分）的

注释：

1.Scientists have known for some time that virtually all cases of cervical cancer are triggered by a family of viruses called human papillomavirus, or HPV.一段时间以来，科学家们已经知道几乎所有子宫颈癌的病例都是由一组人类乳头状瘤病毒或HPV印发的。
2.Unfortunately, the test"s false-positive rate—how often it indicated that there was a problem when none existed was almost twice as high as that for the Pap smear. 不幸的是，该检验的假阳性率，即其显示有问题而实际上并无问题的概率，几乎是巴氏涂片假阳性率的两倍。
3.How many women should undergo what is, when it comes right down to it, unnecessary treatment to find a few more cases of cervical cancer? 只是为了再多发现几例子宫颈癌病例，多少妇女应该接受那种说到底并不必要的治疗呢？

Only a few cases of HPV infection will lead to cancerous changes in the cervix

A:Right B:Wrong C:Not mentioned

Privacy Worry May Keep HIV2¹ Patients from Therapy

    Patients infected with HIV are often concerned about² the confidentiality of their HIV-positive status. In fact, some patients are so worried that they will actually give up treatment to prevent the release of this information, according to a report published in the August issue of AIDS Care.

    Dr. Kathryn Whetten-Goldstein and colleagues from DukeUniversity,Durham, North Carolina³, studied the confidentiality issues of 15 HIV-infected patients from ruralNorth Carolinalocations. They were divided into groups designed to explore their attitudes toward, and experiences with, breaches in confidentiality.

    “The fear of a breach in confidentiality is definitely affecting the care that HIV-infected patients receive,”  Whetten-Goldstein said. “Most studied patients had experienced or knew someone who had experienced a breach in confidentiality.”

    “Two types of breaches occurred, ”Whetten-Goldstein noted. “The first was a more obvious type of breach. One example was a nurse who told her child that her patient was HIV-positive out of concern that her child would play with the patient’s child.⁴”

     “The other type of breach was more subtle, one that providers might not consider breaches, ⁵” Whetten-Goldstein explained. “This type of breach involves providers talking about a patient’s HIV status without the patient’s knowledge of the interaction.”

    “The law allows the sharing of information between providers within the same institution, but patient’s consent must be obtained before providers at different institutions can share information,” she pointed out.

    “Patients in the study wanted providers to tell them when they are going to share information with other providers and why it is being done,” Whetten-Goldstein said. “They also felt that providers should be punished when a breach occurs.”

    “However, because patients are often reluctant to seek legal action which may further expose their status, they felt that the system should regulate itself,” she added.

词汇：

privacy /ˈpraɪvəsi,ˈprɪvəsi/ n.隐私,秘密
breach /bri:tʃ/n.破坏,违反
therapy /"θerəpɪ/ n.疗法,治疗
consent /kən"sent/ n.答应,允许
confidentiality /ˌkɒnfɪˌdenʃiˈæləti/ n.保密性
regulate /"reɡjʊleɪt/ vt.调整

注释：

1.HIV (human immunodeficiency virus):人类免疫缺陷病毒
2.be concerned about:为……而担心（忧虑、烦恼）
3. North Carolina：(美国）北卡罗来纳州
4.One example was... with the patient’s child.例子之一就是某个护士由于担心自己的孩子会与病人的孩子一起玩,所以就告诉自己的孩子,这个病人是HIV阳性的病人。本句中who 至the patient’s child 是nurse 的定语从句,其中that her patient was HIV-positive又是told的宾语从句；out of concern (出于担心）是介词短语,作told的状语；而that her child would play with the patient’s child 则是concern的同位语从句。
5.one that providers might not consider breaches：即医生可能不认为是泄露个人机密的一类。one是代词,代替type,作the other type的同位语，that至breaches是one的定语从句，that在定语从句中作consider的宾语，breaches是宾语补足语。而provider则是指美国经保险公司认可为投保人看病的医生。

Quite a few patients will firmly defend their own right if such a breach occurs

A:Right B:Wrong C:Not mentioned

若有以下程序： #include ＜iostream＞ using namespace std; class Base { private: int a,b; public: Base(int x, int y) { a=x; b=y; } void disp （　） { cout＜＜a＜＜" "＜＜b＜＜end1; } }; class Derived : public Base { private: int c; int d; public: Derived(int x,int y, int z,int m) :Base(x,y) { c=z; d=m; } void disp （　） { cout＜＜c＜＜" "＜＜d＜＜end1; } }; int main（　） { Base b(5,5),*pb; Derived obj(1,2,3,4); pb=&obj; pb-＞disp（　）; return 0; } 执行程序后的输出结果是( )。

A:1,2 B:3,4 C:2,3 D:5,5