The Workers" Role in Management

    Traditionally, it has been the workers" role to work and management"s role to manage. Managers have planned and directed the firm"s operations with little thought to consulting the labor force. Managers have rarely felt compelled to 1obtain the workers" opinions or to explain their decisions to their employees. At most, companies have provided"suggestion boxes" in which workers could place ideas for improving procedures. In recent years, however, many management specialists have been arguing that workers are more than sellers of labor一they have a vital stake in the company 2 and may be able to make significant contributions to its management. Furthermore, major company decisions profoundly affect workers 3 and their dependents. This is particularly true of plant closings, which may put thousands on the unemployment lines. Should workers, then, play a stronger role in management?

    Workers should have a role in management. At the very least, the labor force should be informed of major policy decisions (A common complaint among rank-and-file workers is the lack of information about company policies and actions). Between 1980 and 1985 about five million workers were the victims of plant closings and permanent layoffs, often with no warning. At least 90 days" notice ought to be given in such instances so that workers have time to adjust. Management should consult workers before closing a plant, because the workers might be able to suggest ways of improving productivity and reducing costs and might be willing to make concessions that will help keep the plant operating.

    It should become a general practice to include work&s in some managerial decision making 4. There ought to be representatives of the workers on the firm"s board of directors or other major policymaking groups. if rank-and-file workers are given a voice in 5 the planning and management of the work flow, they will help to make improvements, their morale will rise 6, and their productivity will increase. As a further incentive, they must be given a share in the company"s profits. This can be done through employee stockownership plans, bonuses, or rewards for efficiency and productivity. Finally, when a plant can no longer operate at a profit, the workers should be given the opportunity to purchase the plant and run it themselves.

词汇：

suggestion box 意见箱，建议箱

concession /kən"seʃən/ n．让步

dependent /di"pendənt /=dependant n．受扶养者，受扶养的家属

employee stockownership 雇员持股权

layoff /"leiɔf/ n．停工，停歇；临时解雇（期）；失业期

注释：

1.    Managers have rarely felt compelled to...：管理者们很少觉得应该……。feel compelled to do 的意思是“觉得被迫干……”，在本文拟译为“觉得应该……”更合适些。

2.    ... they have a vital stake in the company:……他们对公司有很大的利害关系。have a stake in 的意思是“对……（或在……方面）有利害关系”。例如：Each of us has a stake in the outcome of the conference.会议结果对我们每一个人都有利害关系。 这个短语也有“……有股份”的意思。例如：They have a large stake in the oil industly．他们在石油业有大量股份。

3.    rank-and-file workers：普通工人

4.    managerial decision making：管理决策的制定

5.    give sb. a voice in：在……方面给某人发言权，即发表意见的权利。例如：His parents give him "voice in almost anything．几乎任何事情他父母都让他有发言权。

6.    ... their morale will rise:……他们的士气会增加

Since policy decisions are business secrets of a firm, workers should not be informed of them.

A:Right B:Wrong C:Not mentioned

The Workers" Role in Management

    Traditionally, it has been the workers" role to work and management"s role to manage. Managers have planned and directed the firm"s operations with little thought to consulting the labor force. Managers have rarely felt compelled to 1obtain the workers" opinions or to explain their decisions to their employees. At most, companies have provided"suggestion boxes" in which workers could place ideas for improving procedures. In recent years, however, many management specialists have been arguing that workers are more than sellers of labor一they have a vital stake in the company 2 and may be able to make significant contributions to its management. Furthermore, major company decisions profoundly affect workers 3 and their dependents. This is particularly true of plant closings, which may put thousands on the unemployment lines. Should workers, then, play a stronger role in management?

    Workers should have a role in management. At the very least, the labor force should be informed of major policy decisions (A common complaint among rank-and-file workers is the lack of information about company policies and actions). Between 1980 and 1985 about five million workers were the victims of plant closings and permanent layoffs, often with no warning. At least 90 days" notice ought to be given in such instances so that workers have time to adjust. Management should consult workers before closing a plant, because the workers might be able to suggest ways of improving productivity and reducing costs and might be willing to make concessions that will help keep the plant operating.

    It should become a general practice to include work&s in some managerial decision making 4. There ought to be representatives of the workers on the firm"s board of directors or other major policymaking groups. if rank-and-file workers are given a voice in 5 the planning and management of the work flow, they will help to make improvements, their morale will rise 6, and their productivity will increase. As a further incentive, they must be given a share in the company"s profits. This can be done through employee stockownership plans, bonuses, or rewards for efficiency and productivity. Finally, when a plant can no longer operate at a profit, the workers should be given the opportunity to purchase the plant and run it themselves.

词汇：

suggestion box 意见箱，建议箱

concession /kən"seʃən/ n．让步

dependent /di"pendənt /=dependant n．受扶养者，受扶养的家属

employee stockownership 雇员持股权

layoff /"leiɔf/ n．停工，停歇；临时解雇（期）；失业期

注释：

1.    Managers have rarely felt compelled to...：管理者们很少觉得应该……。feel compelled to do 的意思是“觉得被迫干……”，在本文拟译为“觉得应该……”更合适些。

2.    ... they have a vital stake in the company:……他们对公司有很大的利害关系。have a stake in 的意思是“对……（或在……方面）有利害关系”。例如：Each of us has a stake in the outcome of the conference.会议结果对我们每一个人都有利害关系。 这个短语也有“……有股份”的意思。例如：They have a large stake in the oil industly．他们在石油业有大量股份。

3.    rank-and-file workers：普通工人

4.    managerial decision making：管理决策的制定

5.    give sb. a voice in：在……方面给某人发言权，即发表意见的权利。例如：His parents give him "voice in almost anything．几乎任何事情他父母都让他有发言权。

6.    ... their morale will rise:……他们的士气会增加

Before closing, a plant should put up a notice and keep it for 90 days.

A:Right B:Wrong C:Not mentioned

The Workers" Role in Management

    Traditionally, it has been the workers" role to work and management"s role to manage. Managers have planned and directed the firm"s operations with little thought to consulting the labor force. Managers have rarely felt compelled to 1obtain the workers" opinions or to explain their decisions to their employees. At most, companies have provided"suggestion boxes" in which workers could place ideas for improving procedures. In recent years, however, many management specialists have been arguing that workers are more than sellers of labor一they have a vital stake in the company 2 and may be able to make significant contributions to its management. Furthermore, major company decisions profoundly affect workers 3 and their dependents. This is particularly true of plant closings, which may put thousands on the unemployment lines. Should workers, then, play a stronger role in management?

    Workers should have a role in management. At the very least, the labor force should be informed of major policy decisions (A common complaint among rank-and-file workers is the lack of information about company policies and actions). Between 1980 and 1985 about five million workers were the victims of plant closings and permanent layoffs, often with no warning. At least 90 days" notice ought to be given in such instances so that workers have time to adjust. Management should consult workers before closing a plant, because the workers might be able to suggest ways of improving productivity and reducing costs and might be willing to make concessions that will help keep the plant operating.

    It should become a general practice to include work&s in some managerial decision making 4. There ought to be representatives of the workers on the firm"s board of directors or other major policymaking groups. if rank-and-file workers are given a voice in 5 the planning and management of the work flow, they will help to make improvements, their morale will rise 6, and their productivity will increase. As a further incentive, they must be given a share in the company"s profits. This can be done through employee stockownership plans, bonuses, or rewards for efficiency and productivity. Finally, when a plant can no longer operate at a profit, the workers should be given the opportunity to purchase the plant and run it themselves.

词汇：

suggestion box 意见箱，建议箱

concession /kən"seʃən/ n．让步

dependent /di"pendənt /=dependant n．受扶养者，受扶养的家属

employee stockownership 雇员持股权

layoff /"leiɔf/ n．停工，停歇；临时解雇（期）；失业期

注释：

1.    Managers have rarely felt compelled to...：管理者们很少觉得应该……。feel compelled to do 的意思是“觉得被迫干……”，在本文拟译为“觉得应该……”更合适些。

2.    ... they have a vital stake in the company:……他们对公司有很大的利害关系。have a stake in 的意思是“对……（或在……方面）有利害关系”。例如：Each of us has a stake in the outcome of the conference.会议结果对我们每一个人都有利害关系。 这个短语也有“……有股份”的意思。例如：They have a large stake in the oil industly．他们在石油业有大量股份。

3.    rank-and-file workers：普通工人

4.    managerial decision making：管理决策的制定

5.    give sb. a voice in：在……方面给某人发言权，即发表意见的权利。例如：His parents give him "voice in almost anything．几乎任何事情他父母都让他有发言权。

6.    ... their morale will rise:……他们的士气会增加

The workers" participation in management might save a plant from closing down.

A:Right B:Wrong C:Not mentioned

The Workers" Role in Management

    Traditionally, it has been the workers" role to work and management"s role to manage. Managers have planned and directed the firm"s operations with little thought to consulting the labor force. Managers have rarely felt compelled to 1obtain the workers" opinions or to explain their decisions to their employees. At most, companies have provided"suggestion boxes" in which workers could place ideas for improving procedures. In recent years, however, many management specialists have been arguing that workers are more than sellers of labor一they have a vital stake in the company 2 and may be able to make significant contributions to its management. Furthermore, major company decisions profoundly affect workers 3 and their dependents. This is particularly true of plant closings, which may put thousands on the unemployment lines. Should workers, then, play a stronger role in management?

    Workers should have a role in management. At the very least, the labor force should be informed of major policy decisions (A common complaint among rank-and-file workers is the lack of information about company policies and actions). Between 1980 and 1985 about five million workers were the victims of plant closings and permanent layoffs, often with no warning. At least 90 days" notice ought to be given in such instances so that workers have time to adjust. Management should consult workers before closing a plant, because the workers might be able to suggest ways of improving productivity and reducing costs and might be willing to make concessions that will help keep the plant operating.

    It should become a general practice to include work&s in some managerial decision making 4. There ought to be representatives of the workers on the firm"s board of directors or other major policymaking groups. if rank-and-file workers are given a voice in 5 the planning and management of the work flow, they will help to make improvements, their morale will rise 6, and their productivity will increase. As a further incentive, they must be given a share in the company"s profits. This can be done through employee stockownership plans, bonuses, or rewards for efficiency and productivity. Finally, when a plant can no longer operate at a profit, the workers should be given the opportunity to purchase the plant and run it themselves.

词汇：

suggestion box 意见箱，建议箱

concession /kən"seʃən/ n．让步

dependent /di"pendənt /=dependant n．受扶养者，受扶养的家属

employee stockownership 雇员持股权

layoff /"leiɔf/ n．停工，停歇；临时解雇（期）；失业期

注释：

1.    Managers have rarely felt compelled to...：管理者们很少觉得应该……。feel compelled to do 的意思是“觉得被迫干……”，在本文拟译为“觉得应该……”更合适些。

2.    ... they have a vital stake in the company:……他们对公司有很大的利害关系。have a stake in 的意思是“对……（或在……方面）有利害关系”。例如：Each of us has a stake in the outcome of the conference.会议结果对我们每一个人都有利害关系。 这个短语也有“……有股份”的意思。例如：They have a large stake in the oil industly．他们在石油业有大量股份。

3.    rank-and-file workers：普通工人

4.    managerial decision making：管理决策的制定

5.    give sb. a voice in：在……方面给某人发言权，即发表意见的权利。例如：His parents give him "voice in almost anything．几乎任何事情他父母都让他有发言权。

6.    ... their morale will rise:……他们的士气会增加

An efficient and productive worker should be rewarded with anything but shares of a plant.

A:Right B:Wrong C:Not mentioned

Obesity Causes Global Warming

    The list of ills attributable to obesity keeps growing: Last week, obese people were accused of causing global warming.

    This conclusion comes from Sheldon Jacobson of the UniversityofIllinois, US, and a doctoral student, Laura McLay. Their study calculates how much extra gasoline is needed to haul fat Americans around. The answer, they say, is a billion gallons of gas per year.  ____1____

    There has been calls for taxes on junk food² in recent years.  ____2____"We tax cigarettes partly because of their health cost," Schmidt said. "Similarly, leading a lazy life style will end up costing taxpayers more."

    US political scientist Eric Oliver said his first instinct was to laugh at these gas and fast food arguments. But such claims are getting attention.

    At the US Obesity Society"s annual meeting, one person correlated obesity with car accident deaths, and another correlated obesity with suicides.  ____3____"The funny thing was that everyone took it seriously." Oliver said.

    In a 1960s study, children were shown drawings of children with disabilities and without them, and a drawing of an obese child. They were asked which they would want for a friend?  ____4____

    Three researchers recently repeated the study using college students. Once again, almost no one, not even obese people, liked the obese person. "Obesity was stigmatized." the researchers said.

    But, researchers say, getting thin is not like quitting smoking. People struggle to stop smoking, and, in the end, many succeed. Obesity is different. But, not because obese people don"t care.  ____5____Genes also play a part.

词汇：

obese / ə(ʊ)"biːs / adj．肥胖的

correlate / "kɒrəleɪt; -rɪ- /v．与……相联系

stigmatize / "stiɡmətaiz / v．侮辱

haul / hɔːl /v．运输

stigma / "stɪgmə / n．坏名声

注释：

1．carbon dioxide：二氧化碳

2．junk food：垃圾食品

3．cause-and-effect relationship：因果关系

练习：

A　A meager diet may keep you thin.

B　It means an extra 11 million tons of carbon¹ dioxide.

C　The obese child was picked last.

D　US economist Martin Schmidt suggests a tax on fast food delivered to people"s cars.

E　Science has shown that they have limited personal control over their weight.

F　No one asked whether there was really a cause-and-effect relationship³.

空4

A:A B:B C:C D:D E:E F:F

Einstein Named "Person of the Century"

    Albert Einstein, whose theories on space time and matter helped unravel the secrets of the atom and of the universe, was chosen as "Person of the Century" by Time magazine on Sunday.

    A man whose very name is synonymous with scientific genius，Einstein has come to represent more than any other person the flowering of the 20th century scientific thought that set the stage for the age of technology.

    "The world has changed far more in the past 100 years than in any other century in history. The reason is not political or economic，but technological 一 technologies that flowed directly from advances in basic science. ” wrote theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking in a Time essay explaining Einstein"s significance ____1____    

    Time chose as runner-up President Franklin Roosevelt¹ to represent the triumph of freedom and democracy over fascism, and Mahatma Gandhi2 as an icon for a century when civil and human rights became crucial factors in global politics.

    "What we saw was Franklin Roosevelt embodying the great theme of freedom"s fight against totalitarianism, Gandhi personifying the great theme of individuals struggling for their rights, and Einstein being both a great genius and a great symbol of a scientific revolution that brought with it amazing technological advances that helped expand the growth of freedom. ” said Time Magazine Editor Walter Isaacson.

    Einstein was born in Ulm,Germanyin 1879. ____2____He was slow to learn to

speak and did not do well in elementary school. He could not stomach organized learning and loathed taking exams³ ？

    In 1905, however, he was to publish a theory which stands as one of the most intricate

examples of human imagination in history.   ____3____ Everything else — mass， weight, space, even time itself — is a variable. And he offered the world his now-famous equation ： energy equals mass times the speed of light squared — E = mc².

     ____4____  "There was less faith in absolutes, not only of time and space but also of truth and morality."

    Einstein"s famous equation was also the seed that led to the development of atomic energy and weapons. In 1939, six years after he fled European fascism and settled at Princeton University, Einstein，an avowed pacifist⁴，signed a letter to President Roosevelt urging the United States to develop an atomic bomb before Nazi Germany did. ____5____Einstein did not work on the project.

    Einstein died inPrinceton,New Jerseyin 1955.

词汇：

unravel / ʌn"rævl / vt.解开        

synonymous / sɪˈnɒnɪməs / adj.同义的

runner-up 亚军，第二名

icon /" "aɪkɒn / n.象征；图符

totalitarianism / təʊˌtælə"teərɪənɪzəm / n.极权主义

personify/ pə"sɒnɪfaɪ / vt.象征，体现

intricate / ˈɪntrɪkət / adj.复杂的

constant / "kɒnstənt / n.常量

variable / "kɒnstənt / n, 变量

equation / ɪˈkweʒən -ʃən / n.等式

注释：

1.President Franklin Roosevelt:美国第 32 任总统罗斯福（1882—1945)

2.Mahatma Gandhi:印度政治和精神领袖、改革家甘地(1869—1948)

3.He could not stomach organized learning and loathed taking exams.他无法忍受一切都安排得 死死的教学，讨厌考试。

4.avowed pacifist:公开承认的和平主义者

练习：

A "Indirectly, relativity paved the way for a new relativism in morality, art and politics. ” Isaacson wrote in an essay explaining Time"s choices.

B How he thought of the relativity theory influenced the general public"s view about Albert Einstein.

C ” Clearly, no scientist better represents those advances than Albert Einstein. ”

D Roosevelt heeded the advice and formed the "Manhattan Project" that secretly developed the first atomic weapon.

E In his early years, Einstein did not show the promise of what he was to become.

F In his “ Special Theory of Relativity ”，Einstein described how the only constant in the universe is the speed of light.

空4

A:A B:B C:C D:D E:E F:F

The Workers" Role in Management

    Traditionally, it has been the workers" role to work and management"s role to manage. Managers have planned and directed the firm"s operations with little thought to consulting the labor force. Managers have rarely felt compelled to 1obtain the workers" opinions or to explain their decisions to their employees. At most, companies have provided"suggestion boxes" in which workers could place ideas for improving procedures. In recent years, however, many management specialists have been arguing that workers are more than sellers of labor一they have a vital stake in the company 2 and may be able to make significant contributions to its management. Furthermore, major company decisions profoundly affect workers 3 and their dependents. This is particularly true of plant closings, which may put thousands on the unemployment lines. Should workers, then, play a stronger role in management?

    Workers should have a role in management. At the very least, the labor force should be informed of major policy decisions (A common complaint among rank-and-file workers is the lack of information about company policies and actions). Between 1980 and 1985 about five million workers were the victims of plant closings and permanent layoffs, often with no warning. At least 90 days" notice ought to be given in such instances so that workers have time to adjust. Management should consult workers before closing a plant, because the workers might be able to suggest ways of improving productivity and reducing costs and might be willing to make concessions that will help keep the plant operating.

    It should become a general practice to include work&s in some managerial decision making 4. There ought to be representatives of the workers on the firm"s board of directors or other major policymaking groups. if rank-and-file workers are given a voice in 5 the planning and management of the work flow, they will help to make improvements, their morale will rise 6, and their productivity will increase. As a further incentive, they must be given a share in the company"s profits. This can be done through employee stockownership plans, bonuses, or rewards for efficiency and productivity. Finally, when a plant can no longer operate at a profit, the workers should be given the opportunity to purchase the plant and run it themselves.

词汇：

suggestion box 意见箱，建议箱

concession /kən"seʃən/ n．让步

dependent /di"pendənt /=dependant n．受扶养者，受扶养的家属

employee stockownership 雇员持股权

layoff /"leiɔf/ n．停工，停歇；临时解雇（期）；失业期

注释：

1.    Managers have rarely felt compelled to...：管理者们很少觉得应该……。feel compelled to do 的意思是“觉得被迫干……”，在本文拟译为“觉得应该……”更合适些。

2.    ... they have a vital stake in the company:……他们对公司有很大的利害关系。have a stake in 的意思是“对……（或在……方面）有利害关系”。例如：Each of us has a stake in the outcome of the conference.会议结果对我们每一个人都有利害关系。 这个短语也有“……有股份”的意思。例如：They have a large stake in the oil industly．他们在石油业有大量股份。

3.    rank-and-file workers：普通工人

4.    managerial decision making：管理决策的制定

5.    give sb. a voice in：在……方面给某人发言权，即发表意见的权利。例如：His parents give him "voice in almost anything．几乎任何事情他父母都让他有发言权。

6.    ... their morale will rise:……他们的士气会增加

An efficient and productive worker should be rewarded with anything but shares of a plant.

A:Right B:Wrong C:Not mentioned

Obesity Causes Global Warming

    The list of ills attributable to obesity keeps growing: Last week, obese people were accused of causing global warming.

    This conclusion comes from Sheldon Jacobson of the UniversityofIllinois, US, and a doctoral student, Laura McLay. Their study calculates how much extra gasoline is needed to haul fat Americans around. The answer, they say, is a billion gallons of gas per year.  ____1____

    There has been calls for taxes on junk food² in recent years.  ____2____"We tax cigarettes partly because of their health cost," Schmidt said. "Similarly, leading a lazy life style will end up costing taxpayers more."

    US political scientist Eric Oliver said his first instinct was to laugh at these gas and fast food arguments. But such claims are getting attention.

    At the US Obesity Society"s annual meeting, one person correlated obesity with car accident deaths, and another correlated obesity with suicides.  ____3____"The funny thing was that everyone took it seriously." Oliver said.

    In a 1960s study, children were shown drawings of children with disabilities and without them, and a drawing of an obese child. They were asked which they would want for a friend?  ____4____

    Three researchers recently repeated the study using college students. Once again, almost no one, not even obese people, liked the obese person. "Obesity was stigmatized." the researchers said.

    But, researchers say, getting thin is not like quitting smoking. People struggle to stop smoking, and, in the end, many succeed. Obesity is different. But, not because obese people don"t care.  ____5____Genes also play a part.

词汇：

obese / ə(ʊ)"biːs / adj．肥胖的

correlate / "kɒrəleɪt; -rɪ- /v．与……相联系

stigmatize / "stiɡmətaiz / v．侮辱

haul / hɔːl /v．运输

stigma / "stɪgmə / n．坏名声

注释：

1．carbon dioxide：二氧化碳

2．junk food：垃圾食品

3．cause-and-effect relationship：因果关系

练习：

A　A meager diet may keep you thin.

B　It means an extra 11 million tons of carbon¹ dioxide.

C　The obese child was picked last.

D　US economist Martin Schmidt suggests a tax on fast food delivered to people"s cars.

E　Science has shown that they have limited personal control over their weight.

F　No one asked whether there was really a cause-and-effect relationship³.

空4

A:A B:B C:C D:D E:E F:F