阅读下面文字，按要求作文。

“刷新”本义是刷洗使焕然一新。古往今来的人们都演绎着“刷新”的故事。你对“刷新”有怎样的体会或见解?请自选角度，自定文体(诗歌除外)，自拟标题，写一篇不少于800字的文章。

略

解析:

略

阅读下面一首唐诗，然后回答问题。

阙题

唐 刘昚虚

道由白云尽，春与青溪长。

时有落花至，远随流水香。

闲门向山路，深柳读书堂。

幽映每白日，清辉照衣裳。

（1）这首诗通过哪些意象，营造了怎样意境，抒发了怎样的情怀？

（2）分析这首诗在写景上的特点。

（1）答：诗人通过白云春光，落花流水，髙柳清辉这些意象，营造了清丽幽美、高雅闲适的意境，抒发了对山居生活的向往。（3分）

（2）（4分）答：诗人在景物描写上主要运用由远及近的写法。白云遮断山道是远景，春光摇曳的青溪是近景，落英随水而至，馥郁的花香具由远而近，柴扉敞、书堂高柳深荫则非近处难见如此明晰。诗人在移步而变化的美景中寄寓心中的喜悦。

（如答“诗人在前四句以白云春光，落花流水等意象，凸现了山中秀美的风光，着意烘托‘读书堂’的美好与高雅”，表达了作者的向往之情。”也对。）

解析:

略

阅读下面的文字，完成下列各题。（每题3分，共9分）

20世纪中叶，由于环境问题的产生和日益严重，西方有识之士开始从道德的角度关注生态环境现象，提出生态伦理观念，并积极倡导和开展环境教育与生态道德教育。我国的环境教育起步于20世纪70年代初，而在此基础上进一步提出生态道德教育，则是近十年来的事，作为教育领域的一门新兴学科，生态道德教育还处于摸索阶段。

生态理论以珍爱、尊重和保护生态环境为核心，以可持续发展为落脚点，以促进人与自然协同进化为评价标准。生态道德是指将生态伦理思想付诸实践的主体思想素质和精神评价机制。生态环境伦理道德的提出与构建人类道德文明进步与完善的标志，是新时期人类处理环境和生态问题的新视角、新思想，是人类道德的新境界。所谓“生态道德教育”，就是将生态伦理学的思想观念变成人们的自觉行为选择，是人类特有的道德自觉精神协调人与自然关系和人与自然关系背后的人与人之间的利益关系，保护自然环境，维护生态环境的动态平衡，促进人、社会、环境的协调与可持续发展。生态道德教育作为一种新型的道德教育活动，其实质就是要求广大受教育者以伦理道德理念去自觉保护环境，维持生态平衡和不再生资源的可持续利用。

生态教育是一种新的德育观，是继承、发展和超越传统道德教育之后的崭新教育范式。传统德育是一种以“知识性”为主导理念的模式，这种“知性论”德育的哲学取向是主客体二元分立的人际观、自然观与心灵观，其关注点重在师生之间的理论知识型纽带关系，忽略了生与生之间，师与生之间的道德体验关系，其德育过程中的操作流程是信奉外部道法规范知识传输的实践样态，而生态德育从生态意识、生态智慧和生态德行这三重生态的视界重新定位道德教育过程中的关系，强调道德教育回归生活实际，在生态体验视界中深度领悟生存实践的关系。它试图把长久以来无法解释和无法确认的人类自身、人类与自然之间的行为中的一系列棘手问题的认识与处理，纳入德育视野，以一个崭新的思路去培养一种具有更高人类品性的新人。

下列对“生态道德教育”的理解，不正确的一项是　　　　　( )

A.生态道德教育要求人类以一种新视角处理环境和生态问题，是一种适应现代人类生存需要的崭新教育模式。

B.生态道德教育的目标是促进人、社会、环境的协调与可持续发展。它既要协调人与自然的关系，也要协调人与自然背后的人与人之间的利益关系。

C.生态道德教育是用人类特有的道德自觉精神，教育人们认识和领悟人类道德伦理观念的天然合理性，从而成为具有更高人类品性的新人。

D.生态道德教育是要将生态伦理学的思想观念变成人们的自觉行动，引导人们以道德理念去自觉维系生态环境的平衡与不可再生资源的可持续利用。

下列对本文有关内容的理解，正确的一项是 　　　　　（ ）

A.生态德育突破了传统德育的范围，主张道德教育回归现实生活，强调人的生态体验，重视培养人的生态意识.

B.生态伦理思想要求人们在处理现实生活中人与人之间的伦理关系时，回归自然，不搞繁琐而无必要的礼节。

C.从道德角度关注生态环境的理念，与中国古代所谓“知者乐水，仁者乐山”的思想是一致的。

D.传统德育关注的是人在人类社会中的生存状态，而生态德育关注的是人在自然界中的生存状态

根据本文提供的信息。下列推断不合理的一项是　　　（ ）

A.虽然生态道德教育在我国起步较晚，但是可以预见这门新兴学科一定会引起越来

越多的有识之士的重视，并在社会生活中产生实际效益。

B.生态道德教育可以培养大众的环保意识，使之自觉维护生态系统的动态平衡，是解决当前人类环境危机的重要途径之一。

C.提倡生态道德教育，可以逐渐削弱生态环保领域的强制性惩处力度，转换该领域执法机构的工作职能。

D.生态道德观念把人类道德理想上升到一个更高的境界，这就意味着一个不珍爱自然、不自觉维护生态环境的人，不是完美健全的人。

【小题1】C【小题1】A【小题1】C

解析:

略

阅读理解

A

Suppose you are reading a book. Suppose, too, you suddenly close your eyes. Can you still see the book? “Of course not,” you will say. But can you tell why? You would probably say, “When I close my eyes, my eyesight cannot get out of my eyes to get to the book.” But this explanation is wrong.

　　You cannot see any object unless light from that object gets into your eyes. Some of the things you see give off light of their own. The sun, the stars, a lighted lamp are examlpes that can be seen by their own light. Such things are luminous. Most of the things you see are not giving off light of their own. They are simply reflecting（反射的）light that falls on them from the sun or some other luminous body. The moon, for example, does not give off any light of its own. It is nonluminous. You see it because sunlight falls on it and some of it reflects in your direction. So moonlight is only secondhand sunlight.

　　When you look at a book, it sends to your eyes some of the light which falls on it, and you see the book. If light could be kept out from where you are so that there would be no light for the book to reflect, then you could not see the book even with your eyes wide open.

　　Light travels so fast that the time in which it travels from the book you are reading to your eyes is so short as if there were no time at all. Light reaches us from the moon, which is about 380, 000 kilometres away, in only a little more than a seconD.

　　56.You can not see the book when you close your eyes, because________.

　　A. your eyes are too close to it

　　B. closed eyes are out of sight

　　C. your eyesight cannot get to it

　　D. the light from it cannot get into your eyes

　　57.The word “luminous” means________ .

　　A. visible B. lighted

　　C. giving off light D. sunlight

　58.Light travels about ________ kilometres per seconD.

　　A. 380,000 B. 300,000 C. 400,000 D. 190,000

　　59.Which of the following is TRUE? ________.

　　A. All the things you can see give off light.

　　B. Light from the book is much shorter than that from the moon.

　　C. The moment you open your eyes the light from the book travels to your eyes.

D. Light travels so fast that there is no time for you to reaD.

B

I was shopping in the supermarket when I heard a young voicE.

“Mom，come here！There's a lady of my size！”

The mother rushed to her son；then she turned to me to apologizE.

I smiled and told her，“It's okay.”Then I talked to the boy，“Hi，I'm Darry Kramer.How are you？”

He studied me from head to toe，and asked，“Are you a little mommy？”

“Yes，I have a son，”I answereD.

“Why are you so little？”he askeD.

“It's the way I was born，”I saiD.“Some people are littlE.Some are tall.I'm just not going to grow any bigger.”After I answered his other questions，I shook the boy's hand and left.

My life as a little person is filled with stories like that.I enjoy talking to children and explaining why I look different from their parents.

It takes only one glance to see my uniqueness.I stand three feet nine inches tall.I was born an achondroplasia dwarf(侏儒).Despite this，I did all the things other kids did when I was growing up.

I didn't realize how short I was until I started school.Some kids picked on me，calling me names.Then I knew.I began to hate the first day of school each year.New students would always stare at me as I struggled to climb the school bus stairs.

But I learned to smile and accept the fact that I was going to be noticed my whole lifE.I decided to make my uniqueness an advantage rather than a disadvantagE.What I lacked in height，I made up for in personality.

I'm 47 now，and the stares have not diminished as I've grown older.People are amazed when they see me driving.I try to keep a good attitudE.When people are rude，I remind myself，“Look what else I have－a great family，nice friends.”

It's the children's questions that make my life special.I enjoy answering their questions.My hope is that I will encourage them to accept their peers(a person of the same age，class，position，etC.)，whatever size and shape they come in，and treat them with respect.

60.Why did the mother apologize to the author?

A.Because the boy ran into the author.

B.Because the boy laughed at the author.

C.Because the boy said the author was fatter than him.

D.Because the mother thought the boy's words had hurt the author.

61.When did the author realize that she was too short?

A.When she grew up.

B.When she was 47 years olD.

C.When she began to go to school.

D.When she met the boy in the supermarket.

62.Which of the following word can best replace the underlined word“diminished”？

A.DismisseD. B.IncreaseD. C.DecreaseD. D.DiscriminateD.

63.How does the author feel about people's stares?

A.Angry. B.Calm. C.Painful. D.DiscourageD.

C

Canada is one of the few nations in the world to have two official languages：English and French.There are 10 provinces in the country but only one of these—Quebec is known as“French Canada”.This is because it was founded by French explorers while British adventures discovered the rest.

Canada left the British empire(帝国） in 1867 to become an independent country,and English and French have been recognized as the official languages ever sincE.

Most people speak English as their first language and the two national television networks broadcast in English throughout the country.Apart from in Quebec and a few places on the east coast,French television is very rarE.

The same goes for traffic signs and menus,for examplE.Outside of Quebec,there are only a few places where you’ll see traffic signs in French.In restaurants,it’s almost impossible to find French on the menu unless you are in the heartland(中心地带）of French CanadA.However,all products sold in Canada must,by law,have labels(标签）and instructions in both languages.

In Canada’s English speaking provinces,official bilingualism(双语）means that students can choose to complete a special French language coursE.Under this programme,they are taught most of their subjects in French.

If a student begins the course in kindergarten(幼儿园）or Grade One,it is likely that all their lessons will be in French.However,if they start at junior high school,25 per cent of the teaching will continue to be in English.

64.How many provinces are there in Canada?

A.Ten. B.NinE. C.Eleven. D.Two.

65.Which country controlled Canada before its independence?

A.FrancE. B. Britain. C.AmericA. D.Germany.

66.Which of the following sentences is right?

A.English is the only official language,though French is also spoken therE.

B.The two national television networks broadcast both in English and French.

C.All products sold in Canada must,by law,have labels and instructions in both English and French.

D.The lessons in kindergarten or Grade One are likely to be only in English.

D

English is fast becoming the language of science around the world, but what is its future among everyday speakers? One expert points out that the percentage(比率) of native English speakers is declining(降低) globally while the languages of other rapidly growing regions are being spoken by increasing numbers of peoplE. But English will continue to remain widespread and important.

However, British language scholar David Graddol says English will probably drop in dominance(主导) by the middle of this century to rank, after Chinese, about equally with Arabic, Hindi, and Urdu. “The number of people speaking English as a first language continues to rise, but it isn’t rising nearly as fast as the numbers of many other languages around the world, simply because the main population group has been largely in the less developed countries where languages other than English have been spoken,” he says.

In a recent article in the journal Science, Mr. Graddol noted that three languages that are not near the top of the list of the most widely spoken now might be there soon. These are Bengali, Tamil, and Malay, spoken in south and southeast AsiA.

David Crystal, the author of the Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language, says about 1.5 billion of the world’s six billion people speak it as a second tongue compared to the 400 million native speakers. But another expert on the English language says Mr. Graddol underestimates (低估) the future of its dominancE. “Nobody quite knows what’s going to happen because no language has been in this position beforE. But all the evidence (证据) suggests that the English language snowball is rolling down a hill and is getting faster,” he saiD.

67. In David Graddol’ s opinion, English will _______.

A. remain widespread and important

B. be more important than any other language

C. lose its dominant position

D. die away in the near future

68. The underlined sentence in the last paragraph implies that ______.

A. snowballs will roll down faster than language balls

B. the English language snowball is rolling down faster than any time in the past

C. English language will soon drop in dominance

D. more and more language users will choose English

69. How many experts does the passage mention who express their ideas about the future of English?

A. 2. B. 3. C. 4. D. 5.

70. What should be the best title for the passage?

A. English Remaining the Dominant Position

B. The Future of English? Who Knows?

C. Opinions from Different Experts

D. The English Language Snowball Rolling Down

E.

In many parts of the world, cars play an important role in daily life and many societies would not exist without them. So the idea that in 20 years’ time, no one will own cars may be hard to believE. But this is the prediction made by a team of transport researchers who are taken seriously, not only by government but also by car manufacturers.

The Human Science and Advanced Technology Institute at Loughborough in the UK is part of an international research program. The team there believes that by 2020 all cars will be computerized, which will mean much saving, no accidents and better use of roads. The super-intelligent car of the 21st century will drive itself, and it will not be owned by one individual. Instead, we will have a choice of cars and change them as frequently as we change our clothing.

According to Dr. David Davis , who leads the research team, these predictions are based on the rising cost of the car culture, which had blocked up our cities, polluted our air , and caused more deaths than both world wars put together.

Davis says, cars will be fitted with some intelligent devices to regulate the distance between one car and another. The car will automatically speed up, or slow down, to match the speed of the car in front. Computers are much safer drivers than people, so cars in a road train will be able to drive much closer together than cars driven by peoplE.

By 2010, Dr. David Davis believes, car technology will give motorists a clear view of the road, whatever the weather conditions, by projecting an image of the road ahead on to the car’s windscreen. And by 2020, cars will travel in convoy, linked to each other electronically. Cars will be connected by an electronic tow bar to the car in front to form “road –trains”. “The front vehicle in such a train burns the normal amount.” says Davis. “But all the others in the train would burn about ten percent of the normal amount, and so produce about ten percent of the pollution.”

71.We know from the passage that governments and car manufacturers _______

A. do not believe the prediction that no one will own cars by 2020

B. are devoted to the technological revolution in car industry

C. consider the predictions seriously

D. have put the super-intelligent car into mass production

72. Which of the following will be the characteristic of the cars of 2020?

The car will speed up out of control

We will own as many cars as we want

All cars will be driven by computers

Cars will produce more pollution than present ones

73. The leader of the research team believes that the present car culture will change because_________

cars play a very important role in daily life

many societies would stop functioning without cars

cars should not be owned by one individual

it causes many deaths to human society

74.The expression closest in meaning to the phrase “in convoy” in the last paragraph is________

A. in line B. sidelong C. side by side D. shoulder to shoulder

75. What will happen if cars are joined to each other electronically in 2020?

Motorists will get a clear view of the road

The weather condition will not have effect on motorists

There will be less pollution caused by car

All trains will burn less fuel than present

“言外之意”指话里暗含着的、没有直接说出的意思。请阅读下列语段，将言外之意写在横线上。

（1）一位不知名的画家向著名画家门采尔诉苦说：“为什么我画一幅画只需要一天工夫，而卖掉它却要等上整整一年呢？”门采尔很严肃地说：“倒过来试试吧，亲爱的！”

门采尔的言外之意是：

（2）钢琴之王李斯特到克里姆林宫去演奏。演奏开始了，沙皇还在和别人说话。于是，李斯特停止了演奏。沙皇问他为什么不演奏了，李斯特欠了欠身子说：“陛下说话，我理应恭听。”

李斯特的言外之意是：

[7611a85300e185ea.jpg]

解析:

略

（每小题3分，共9分）

阅读下文，完成下列各题。

前景诱人的空气发电技术

在深夜，居民用电和企业用电均处于低峰，如果是核电站或热力电站，便可以将水压缩进位于高处的储水站，当需要用电时将水排出，推动涡轮发电机发电。那么，风力发电能否也像别的发电方式那样，将空气存储起来，到需要时再使用呢？目前，德国工程技术人员找到了一种存储空气的新方法，即在地下建一座大型储气站，用空气压缩机将空气压缩，进行存储。需要时打开阀门，由__空气推动涡轮机发电，空气排放前，如果再用燃气加热，效率将更高。

早在1978年，德国下萨克森州就建成了世界上第一座空气发电站，两个位于地下658米和800米的储气站是两个废弃的盐矿矿井。这两个储气站的储气量为31万立方米，最大承受压力为70巴，足够供功率290兆瓦的发电机组工作3小时。除此以外，在美国阿拉巴马州也有一个类似的电站，据说美国将要对其进行改造，并将建造一系列新型空气发电站。（如，将于2003年并网的Norton电站就是利用废弃的碱矿矿井，它深入地下800米，储气量达900万立方米，可发电2700兆瓦，相当于二个大核电站的峰值发电量，可满足68万户居民的两天用电。）

目前，能源专家对空气发电前景看好，该技术除了能作为应急电站外，也是一种洁净能源的获取办法，如果将其与风力发电机组合使用，它将开辟一条全新的提供能源的新途径。一个风力发电机群加上压缩空气电站，无论从技术、还是从经济角度看，均可以与油、燃气、煤或核能一比高下。如我国的内蒙地区，风力资源丰富，建造风力发电机群，加上空气电站，将有取之不尽的能源。

为保证能提供充足的电能，一般在设计风力发电站时需考虑各种因素，如，建造一个50兆瓦的电站，并不是说由50台1兆瓦的风力发电机简单并联，这只是指在最佳风源的情况下能够实现，但如果风速降低，其功率可能只能达到25兆瓦，因此，建造时需要安装100台风力发电机，这样，即使在风速较低时仍能提供足够的电能。风速高时，同时工作会出现电力过剩情况，这时就可以将空气压缩进地下储气站，到需要时再放出。

空气发电技术现在还少有人问津；原因在目前矿物能源的价格太低，以致人们还无需去考虑。一旦矿物能源耗尽，政府对二氧化碳排放标准严加限制，对洁净能源的需求就会骤然而升。当然，空气发电也并非是零排放。但与热力发电相比，仅是它的二十分之一，每度电的二氧化碳排放量为10至15克。如果该技术能够投入使用，那么它将是生态能源领域的一项新突破。

根据文意，对“空气发电技术”理解正确的一项是

A.利用风力推动涡轮发电机发电的技术。

B.以压缩并存贮的空气推动涡轮发电机发电的技术。

C.既利用风力又以压缩并存贮的空气推动涡轮发电机发电的技术。

D.用电处于低峰时的储存风力发电机所用风力的技术。

对文中画线处所说建造50兆瓦电站需要100台1兆瓦电机的必要性理解正确的一项是

A.充分考虑风源状况，确保在风速较低时也能提供符合设计要求的足够电能。

B.为空气发电机提供足够数量的可供压缩储存的空气。

C.综合使用风力发电和空气发电技术，使之相互补充、相互利用。

D.开辟全新的能源提供新途径，充分利用取之不尽的风力和空气。

根据本文提供的信息，以下推断正确的一项是

A.空气发电需要巨大的储气站，必须建立在有废弃矿井的地方，利用废井储存

空气。

B.空气发电需要压缩并储存大量的空气，必须建立在风力资源丰富的地方。

C.矿物能源价格太低，空气发电现在还少人问津，要引起重视就必须大力降低

成本。

D.随着矿物能源的短缺和人们对洁净能源的需求，空气发电将成为电力的重要

来源。

【小题1】B【小题1】A【小题1】D

解析:

[d09e73b2d23bda19.jpg] 

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[cb4c2b91c4d472f5.jpg]

下列词语中，没有错别字的一组是 （ ）

A:陈规 畸形 弱不经风 铤而走险， B:怄气 混沌 既往开来 民生凋敝. C:班配 岑寂 群贤毕至 广袤无垠 D:凌厉 黯然 文过饰非 俗不可奈

阅读下面这首诗，完成下列各题。

宿骆氏亭寄怀崔雍崔衮

李商隐

竹坞无尘水槛清，相思迢递隔重城。

秋阴不散霜飞晚，留得枯荷听雨声。

首句写出骆氏亭怎样的环境特点？这样写的作用是什么？

答：

许多人说“留得枯荷听雨声”是全篇的点睛之笔，请说说你的理解。

答：

【小题1】诗歌首句描写了骆氏亭清静寂寥（或“凄清雅洁”、“凄清孤寂”）的环境特点。触景生情，引发了诗人对友人的思念之情。（或：如此环境自然惹动怀友思绪，为下文抒发思念之情作铺垫。）（2分，环境特点、作用各1分）

【小题1】本诗是怀友诗，而这一句写诗人因旅宿思友而彻夜不眠，而雨打枯荷的清韵，暂时能慰藉思友之情，所以说此句是点晴之笔。（或：本诗是怀友诗，雨打枯荷的声音，单调而凄清，更衬出环境的寂寥，从而加深了对友人的思念，所以说此句是点睛之笔。）

解析:

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阅读下面两首诗，完成下列各题

蜗牛（甲） 苏轼 蜗牛（乙） 苏轼

中弱不胜触，外坚聊自郛^①。 腥涎不满壳，聊足以自濡。

升高不知疲，竟作粘壁枯。 升高不知回，竟作粘壁枯。

注：①郛，外城；这里用如动词，引申为“庇护”之意。

下列对这两首诗的解读和分析，不正确的一项是

A.两首诗都写到蜗牛相同的习性和癖好——“升高”，也写到其相同的结果——“粘壁枯”。

B.甲诗抓住蜗牛内质柔弱、外有坚壳的特点来写，蜗牛就靠这层外壳保护自己。

C.乙诗突出蜗牛“腥涎”不多的特点，隐含着作者对它同情和怜悯的心态。

D.两首诗是诗人看到壁上高处枯死的蜗牛，睹物兴怀之作，寄寓着诗人对世态人情的感慨。

你认为诗人笔下“竟作粘壁枯”的蜗牛形象有何象征意义？就表达效果而言，你认为哪一首诗更好？请结合这两首诗作具体分析。

答：

【小题1】C

【小题1】蜗牛用来象征现实生活中一味钻营，一心攀爬，追求功名利禄而不得善终的人。第二首表达得更好。理由如次：1、第二首从“腥涎”入笔，较之从外壳入笔，更能突出蜗牛的丑陋形象；2、“腥涎”能更好地呼应第四句中的“粘”字和“枯”字；3、“腥涎”本身可作为一个喻体，用来比喻肚里的一点点墨水，本来只可自我消遣，偏要不自量力，拿来作向上爬的资本；“不知回”比“不知疲”更显出执迷不悟的丑态。

第二首是苏轼的改定稿，说第二首更好应该是定论。如果认为第一首好，能说出“外强中干”之类理由，可酌情给分。

解析:

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阅读下面一首唐诗，然后回答问题

送友人入蜀

李 白

见说桑丛路，崎岖不易行。

山从人面起，云傍马头生。

芳树笼秦栈，春流绕蜀城。

升沉应已定，不必问君平。

【注】①这首诗作于天宝二年（743年），诗人当时在长安受到权贵的排挤。②君平：是汉代严遵的字，他不愿做官，过着隐居生活，曾经在成都市上以卖卜为生。

.古人评诗时常用“诗眼”的说法，所谓“诗眼”往往是指一句诗中最精炼传神的一个字。你认为第三联两句中的“诗眼”分别是哪一个字？请作简要赏析。

.作者在最后一联中蕴含着怎样的思想感情？请你做简要分析。

【小题1】笼、绕；（2分）笼：表现了树木繁茂幽深、峰壑起伏陡峭的景象；绕：表现了山水相依、水流曲折绵长、峰峦蜿蜒的景象。

【小题2】.既是劝导朋友不要沉溺于功名利禄之中，又寄寓作者在长安政治上受人排挤的深层感慨。（4分） （共8分）

解析:

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