Insurance companies provide a service to the community by protecting it against expected and unexpected disasters. Before an insurance company will agree to (1) anything, it collects accurate figures about the (2) . It knows, for example, that the risk of a man being killed in a plane accident is less than the risk he (3) in crossing a busy road. This (4) it to quote low figures for travel insurance. Sometimes the risk may be high, as in motorracing or mountaineering. Then the company (5) a much higher price. (6) too many climbers have accidents, the price rises still further. If the majority of climbers fall off mountains, the company will (7) to insure them.
An ordinary householder may wish to protect his home against fire or his (8) against burglary. A shop keeper may wish to insure against (9) . In (10) cases, the company will check its statistics and quote a premium. If it is (11) , it may refuse to quote. If it insures a shop and then receives a suspicious (12) , it will (13) the claim as a means of protecting itself against false claims. It is not unknown for a businessman in debt to burn down his own premises so that he can claim much money from his insurance company. He can be sure that the fire will be investigated most carefully. Insurance companies also (14) insurance against shipwreck or disaster in the air. Planes and ships are very expensive, so a large (15) is charged, but a (16) is given to companies with an accident-free record.
Every week insurance companies receive premium (17) from customers. These payments can form a very large total (18) millions of dollars. The company does not leave the money in the bank. It (19) in property, shares, farms and even antique paintings and stamps. Its aim is to obtain the best possible return on its investment. This is not so greedy as it may seem, since this is one way by which it can deep its premiums down and continue to make a profit (20) being of service to the community.

13（）

A:discover B:insure C:investigate D:protect

John James Audubon was born in 1785 and died in 1851, but his name is still spoken every day. Andubon was a scientist who loved nature. He wanted to show people the importance of nature in their lives. He was especially interested in birds, and painted many pictures of them.
In 1905, the National Audubon Society was formed by people who were also interested in birds and wanted to continue Audubon’s nature studies. Even now, when people think of the Audubon Society, they usually think of birds. But the society does other things besides watching birds.
The members of the Society try to improve the environment as much as they can. They have helped pass many laws that protect birds and animals, and people, too. They taught young people how to protect their environment. They try to make their own communities cleaner, better places to live in.
John James Audubon knew that nature was important. He did not know how important his work would become.

How did the members of the Society try to improve the environment（　）

A:They made laws that protect birds. B:They taught young people, helped pass laws that protect animals and so on. C:They tried to make the world better. D:Both B and

Passage Two
John James Audubon was born in 1785 and died in 1851, but his name is still spoken every day. Andubon was a scientist who loved nature. He wanted to show people the importance of nature in their lives. He was especially interested in birds, and painted many pictures of them.
In 1905, the National Audubon Society was formed by people who were also interested in birds and wanted to continue Audubon’s nature studies. Even now, when people think of the Audubon Society, they usually think of birds. But the society does other things besides watching birds.
The members of the Society try to improve the environment as much as they can. They have helped pass many laws that protect birds and animals, and people, too. They taught young people how to protect their environment. They try to make their own communities cleaner, better places to live in.
John James Audubon knew that nature was important, He did not know how important his work would become.

How did the members of the Society try to improve the environment（）

A:They made laws that protect birds. B:They taught young people, helped pass laws that protect animals and so on. C:They tried to make the world better. D:Both Ｂ and Ｃ.

John James Audubon was born in 1785 and died in 1851, but his name is still spoken every day. Andubon was a scientist who loved nature. He wanted to show people the importance of nature in their lives. He was especially interested in birds, and painted many pictures of them.
In 1905, the National Audubon Society was formed by people who were also interested in birds and wanted to continue Audubon’s nature studies. Even now when people think of the Audubon Society, they usually think of birds. But the society does other things besides watching birds.
The members of the Society try to improve the environment as much as they can. They have helped pass many laws that protect birds and animals, and people, too. They taught young people how to protect their environment. They try to make their own communities cleaner, better places to live in.
John James Audubon knew that nature was important. He did not know how important his work would become.
How did the members of the Society try to improve the environment

A:They made laws that protect birds. B:They taught young people, helped pass laws that protect animals and so on. C:They tried to make the world better. D:Both Ｂ and Ｃ.

John James Audubon was born in 1785 and died in 1851, but his name is still spoken every day. Andubon was a scientist who loved nature. He wanted to show people the importance of nature in their lives. He was especially interested in birds, and painted many pictures of them.
In 1905, the National Audubon Society was formed by people who were also interested in birds and wanted to continue Audubon’s nature studies. Even now, when people think of the Audubon Society, they usually think of birds. But the society does other things besides watching birds.
The members of the Society try to improve the environment as much as they can. They have helped pass many laws that protect birds and animals, and people, too. They taught young people how to protect their environment. They try to make their own communities cleaner, better places to live in.
John James Audubon knew that nature was important. He did not know how important his work would become.
How did the members of the Society try to improve the environment

A:They made laws that protect birds. B:They taught young people, helped pass laws that protect animals and so on. C:They tried to make the world better. D:Both B and

John James Audubon was born in 1785 and died in 1851, but his name is still spoken every day. Andubon was a scientist who loved nature. He wanted to show people the importance of nature in their lives. He was especially interested in birds, and painted many pictures of them.
In 1905, the National Audubon Society was formed by people who were also interested in birds and wanted to continue Audubon’s nature studies. Even now when people think of the Audubon Society, they usually think of birds. But the society does other things besides watching birds.
The members of the Society try to improve the environment as much as they can. They have helped pass many laws that protect birds and animals, and people, too. They taught young people how to protect their environment. They try to make their own communities cleaner, better places to live in.
John James Audubon knew that nature was important. He did not know how important his work would become.

How did the members of the Society try to improve the environment（）

A:They made laws that protect birds. B:They taught young people, helped pass laws that protect animals and so on. C:They tried to make the world better. D:Both Ｂ and Ｃ.

A new examination of urban policies has been (51) recently by Patricia Romero Lankao. She is a sociologist specializing in climate change and (52) development. She warns that many of the world’s fast-growing urban areas, especially in developing countries, will likely suffer from the impacts of changing climate. Her work also concludes that most cities are failing to (53) emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse (54) . These gases are known to affect the atmosphere. "Climate change is a deeply local issue and poses profound threats to the growing cities of the world," says Romero Lankao. "But too few cities are developing effective strategies to (55) their residents. " Cities are (56) sources of greenhouse gases. And urban populations are likely to be among those most severely affected by future climate change. Lankao’s findings highlight ways in which city-residents are particularly vulnerable, and suggest policy interventions that could offer immediate and longer-term (57) . The locations and dense construction patterns of cities often place their populations at greater risk for natural disasters. Potential (58) associated with climate include storm surges and prolonged hot weather. Storm surges can flood coastal areas and prolonged hot weather can heat (59) paved cities more than surrounding areas. The impacts of such natural events can be more serious in an urban environment. For example, a prolonged heat wave can increase existing levels of air pollution, causing widespread health problems. Poorer neighborhoods that may (60) basic facilities such as drinking water or a dependable network of roads, are especially vulnerable to natural disasters. Many residents in poorer countries live in substandard housing (61) access to reliable drinking water, roads and basic services. Local governments, (62) , should take measures to protect their residents. Unfortunately, they tend to move towards rhetoric (63) meaningful responses. Romero Lankao writes, "They don’t impose construction standards that could reduce heating and air conditioning needs. They don’t emphasize mass transit and reduce (64) use. In fact, many local governments are taking a hands-off approach." Thus, she urges them to change their (65) policies and to take strong steps to prevent the harmful effects of climate change on cities.

55（　）

A:educate B:evaluate C:protect D:identify

At the brand-new Hacker Academy in Chicago, US, students learn about phishing schemes, firewall breaches, and advanced tricks for breaking into confidential documents and revealing passwords.
But it’s not nearly as illegal as it sounds. The academy doesn’t teach people to be (51) , but to "think like hackers" and hopefully to stay one step ahead of (52) .
The students are (53) computer security professionals. They attend a course that teaches them the tools and techniques that hackers could use to get (54) systems they’re trying to protect. They (55) a certificate in "ethical hacking" if they graduate.
The academy is one of the growing number of organizations that teach IT security experts to think like their enemies and to find holes in their systems (56) the hackers do. "If you can think like a hacker, you’re able to (57) some of the attacks that are happening," said Aaron Cohen, the academy’s founder.
Those attacks can range from indiscriminate viruses to corporate spying and efforts to gain sensitive data (58) banks, credit card companies, or individuals.
Computer Economics, a US IT research firm, estimates the (59) caused by viruses and other attacks in 2006 to be somewhere around US$14 billion.
"While the massive viruses seem to be (60) in number, there are more targeted attacks," said Mark McManus of Computer Economics.
With ransom attacks, for instance, hackers will break into a company’s network, and threaten to destroy it or give information to a competitor (61) they’re not paid.
Given all the threats, many companies are sending IT professionals to courses like those Cohen offers. So the "ethical hacker" certification, offered by the New York-based International Council of Electronic Commerce Consultants (the EC-Council), (62) about.
The EC-Council says it has trained about 20,000 people in 60 countries over the past three years, with 8,000 of them passing a (63) and earning the "ethical hacker" certification.
Cohen’s list of interested people includes an FBI agent, NASA employees, independent consultants, and company IT security directors. Some want the five-day on-site certification course. Others want a quick overview, like the US$ 695 "midnight hacking" course, given online and late at (64) .
Cohen doesn’t (65) much about students using their courses for evil purposes. "Hackers don’t need our help," says Cohen.

A:protect B:defend C:safeguard D:prevent

Climate Change Poses Major Risks for Unprepared Cities A new examination of urban policies has been carried out recently by Patricia Romero Lankao. She is a sociologist specializing in climate change and________(51) development. She warns that many of the world’s fast-growing urban areas, especially in developing countries, will likely suffer from the________(52) of changing climate. Her work also concludes that most cities are failing to________(53) emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. These gases are known to affect the atmosphere. “Climate change is a deeply local issue and poses profound ________ (54) to the growing cities of the world.” says Romero Lankao. “But too few cities are developing effective strategies to protect their residents. ” Cities are ________ (55) sources of greenhouse gases. And urban populations are likely to be among those most severely affected by future climate change. Lankao’s findings highlight ways in which city-residents are particularly vulnerable, and suggest policy interventions (干预) that could offer immediate and longer-term _________ (56). The locations and dense construction patterns of cities often place their populations at greater __________ (57) for natural disasters. Potential threats associated with climate include storm surges and prolonged hot weather. Storm surges can flood coastal areas and prolonged hot weather can heat ________ (58) paved cities more than surrounding areas. The impacts of such natural events can be more ________ (59) in an urban environment. For example, a prolonged heat wave can increase existing levels of air pollution, causing widespread health problems. Poorer neighborhoods that may ________ (60) basic facilities such as drinking water or a dependable network of roads, are especially vulnerable to natural disasters. Many residents in poorer countries live in sub-standard housing ________ (61) access to reliable drinking water, roads and basic services. Local governments, therefore, should take measures to ________ (62) their residents. Unfortunately, they tend to move towards rhetoric (言辞) ________ (63) meaningful responses, Romero Lankao writes. They don’t impose construction standards that could reduce heating and air conditioning ________ (64). They don’t emphasize mass transit and reduce automobile use. In fact, many local governments are taking a hands-off approach. ________ (65), she urges them to change their idle policies and to take strong steps to prevent the harmful effects of climate change on cities.

A:identify B:educate C:protect D:evaluate