甲类船长英语考证
甲类船长英语考证
Sleep
We all know that the normal human daily cycle of activity 1 is of some 7-8 hours" sleep alternating with some 16-17 hours" wakefulness and that, broadly speaking, the sleep normally coincides with the hours of darkness 2. Our present concern is with how easily and to what extent this cycle can be modified.
The question is no mere academic one 3.The case, for example, with which people can change from working in the day to working at night is a question of growing importance in industry where automation calls insistently for round-the-clock working of machines. It normally takes from five days to one week for a person to adapt to a reversed routine of sleep and wakefulness, sleeping during the day and working at night. Unfortunately, it is often the case in industry that shifts are changed every week; a person may work from 12 midnight to 8 a. m. one week, 8 am to 4 pm the next ,and 4 pm to 12 midnight the third and so on. This means that no sooner has he got used to one routine than he has to change to another 4, so that much of his time is spent neither working nor sleeping very efficiently.
One answer would seem to be longer periods on each shift, a month, or even three months. Recent research by Bonjer of the Netherlands, however, has shown that people on such systems will revert to their normal habits of sleep and wakefulness during the weekend 5 and that this is quite enough to destroy any adaptation to night work built up during the week.
The only real solution appears to be to hand over the night shift to a corps of permanent night workers 6 whose nocturnal wakefulness 7 may persist through all weekends and holidays. An interesting study of the domestic life and health of night-shift workers was carried out by Brown. She found a high incidence of disturbed sleep, digestive disorder and domestic disruption among those on alternating day and night shifts, but no abnormal occurrence of these symptoms among those on permanent night work.
词汇：
alternate /ɔ:l"tə: nət/ vi．交替，轮换
wakefulness/"weikfulnis/ n．醒着，不睡
coincide /kəuin"said/vi．同时发生；一致
modify /"mɔdifai/vt．改变；缓和
automation /,ɔtəmeiʃən/n．自动化
insistently / in"sistəntli/adv．坚持地，执拗地；迫切地，急切地
reverse /ri"və:s /vt．使颠倒，使倒转
routine /ru:" ti: n/n．常规，例行公事
revert /ri"və: t/vi．恢复，回复
corps /kɔ:(r)/n．共同工作或活动的一群人；特种__，特殊军种
permanent /"pə:mənənt/adj．永久的，持久的
nocturnal /nɔk"tənəl/adj．夜间发生的
incidence /"insidəns/n．发生（率）
digestive /di"dʒestiv/adj．消化的，助消化的
disruption /dis"rʌpʃən/ n．混乱，分裂，崩溃
abnormal /æb"nɔ:məl/adj．反常的，变态的
occurrence /ə"kʌrəns/ n．发生，出现；（偶发性）事件
symptom /"simptəm/n．表征，征兆；病症，症状
注释：
1．…the normal human daily cycle of activity...：……人们每天正常活动的周期……
2．…the sleep normally coincides with the hours of darkness. .....睡眠时间通常与黑夜的长短相一致。
3．The question is no mere academic one．这不只是个简单的学术问题。
4．This means that no sooner has he got used to one routine than he has to change to another．这就意味着，他刚刚习惯了一种方式又不得不改为另一种。此句中的no sooner... than…倒装结构。no sooner+主语助动词倒装结构（has he...）的意思是“一……就……”，如：I had no sooner reached home than it began to rain．我刚到家天就下雨了。可以看出，只有当no sooner放在句首位置时，“主语一助动词”这一序列才发生变化。
5．…people on such systems will revert to their normal habits of sleep and wakefulness during the weekend.……在周末，按照这些体制工作的人会恢复他们通常的睡眠和清醒的习惯。
6．…a corps of permanent night workers...：……一组永久做晚班的工人……
7．nocturnal wakefulness：夜间不眠
According to the passage, the main problem about night work is that ________.
A:people hate the inconvenience of working on night shifts B:your life is disturbed by changing from day to night routines and back C:not all industries work at the same hours D:it is difficult to find a corps of good night workers
We arrived at work in the morning and found that somebody ______ into the office during the night.
A:broke B:had broken C:has broken D:was breaking
Text 4
| For millions of years before the
appearance of the electric light, shift work, allnight cable TV and the
Internet, Earth’s creatures evolved on a planet with predictable and reassuring
24-hour rhythms. Our biological clocks are set for this daily cycle. Simply put,
our bodies want to sleep at night and be awake during the day. Most women and
men need between eight and eight and a half hours of sleep a night to function
properly throughout their lives. (Contrary to popular belief, humans don’t need
less sleep as they age.) But on average, Americans sleep only about seven and a half hours per night, a marked drop from the nine hours they averaged in 1910. What’s worse, nearly one third of all Americans get less than six hours of sleep on a typical work night. For most people, that’s not nearly enough. Finding ways to get more and better Sleep can be a challenge. Scientists have identified more than 80 different sleep disorders. Some sleeping disorders are genetic. But many problems are caused by staying up late and sleeping in, by traveling frequently between time zones or by working nights. Dr. James F. Jones at National Jewish Medical and Research Center in Denver says that sleep disorders are often diagnosed as other discomforts. About one third of the patients referred to him with possible chronic fatigue syndrome actually have treatable sleep disorders. "Before we do anything else, we look at their sleep, "Jones says. Sleep experts say that most people would benefit from a good look at their sleep patterns. "My motto is ’Sleep defensively’," says Mary Carskadon of Brown University. She says people need to carve out sufficient time to sleep, even if it means giving up other things. Sleep routines—like going to bed and getting up at the same time every day—are important. Pre-bedtime activities also make a difference. As with Elaner, who used to suffer from sleeplessness, a few lifestyle changes—avoiding stimulants and late meals, exercising hours before bedtime, relaxing with a hot bath—yield better sleep. |
A:Most people need less sleep when they grow older. B:Most people need seven and a half hours of sleep every night. C:On average, people in the U.S. today sleep less per night than they used to. D:For most people, less than six hours of sleep on a typical work night is enough.
Text 4
| For millions of years before the
appearance of the electric light, shift work, allnight cable TV and the
Internet, Earth’s creatures evolved on a planet with predictable and reassuring
24-hour rhythms. Our biological clocks are set for this daily cycle. Simply put,
our bodies want to sleep at night and be awake during the day. Most women and
men need between eight and eight and a half hours of sleep a night to function
properly throughout their lives. (Contrary to popular belief, humans don’t need
less sleep as they age.) But on average, Americans sleep only about seven and a half hours per night, a marked drop from the nine hours they averaged in 1910. What’s worse, nearly one third of all Americans get less than six hours of sleep on a typical work night. For most people, that’s not nearly enough. Finding ways to get more and better Sleep can be a challenge. Scientists have identified more than 80 different sleep disorders. Some sleeping disorders are genetic. But many problems are caused by staying up late and sleeping in, by traveling frequently between time zones or by working nights. Dr. James F. Jones at National Jewish Medical and Research Center in Denver says that sleep disorders are often diagnosed as other discomforts. About one third of the patients referred to him with possible chronic fatigue syndrome actually have treatable sleep disorders. "Before we do anything else, we look at their sleep, "Jones says. Sleep experts say that most people would benefit from a good look at their sleep patterns. "My motto is ’Sleep defensively’," says Mary Carskadon of Brown University. She says people need to carve out sufficient time to sleep, even if it means giving up other things. Sleep routines—like going to bed and getting up at the same time every day—are important. Pre-bedtime activities also make a difference. As with Elaner, who used to suffer from sleeplessness, a few lifestyle changes—avoiding stimulants and late meals, exercising hours before bedtime, relaxing with a hot bath—yield better sleep. |
A:sleep for at least eight hours per night B:believe that we need less sleep as we age C:adjust our activities to the new inventions D:be able to predict the rhythms of our biological clocks
The idea that people might be chosen or rejected for jobs on the basis of their genes disturbs many. Such (1) may, however, be a step (2) , thanks to work just published in Current Biology by Derk-Jan Dijk and his colleagues at the University of Surrey, in England. Dr. Dijk studies the biology of time-keeping—in particular of the part of the internal body-clock that (3) people to sleep and wakes them up. One of the genes involved in (4) this clock is known as PER3 and (5) in two forms. Dr. Dijk’s work (6) that one of these forms is more conducive to night-shift work than the other.
The two forms of PER3 (7) into two slightly different proteins, one of which is longer than the other. (8) work by this group showed that people with two short versions of the gene are more likely to be "owls", (9) to get up late and go to bed late. "Larks"— (10) , early risers, have two long versions. Pursuing this (11) of enquiry, Dr. Dijk and his team have been studying how such people (12) to sleep deprivation. Two dozen volunteers, some genetic owls and some genetic larks, were forced to stay awake for two days. The genetic larks reacted to this worse than the owls did. (13) , larks given memory tests and puzzles to (14) between the hours of four and eight in the morning turned (15) far worse performances than did owls.
What (16) that may have for employers is not fully clear. Nevertheless, it is intriguing. There may (17) come a time when employers (18) night shifts will want a blood sample from (19) employees— (20) to protect themselves against negligence suits should someone have an accident.
A:solve B:answer C:work D:settle
B
The owner of a large company, who was about to take a trip overseas, dropped into his office early in the morning to make some arrangements. He was telephoning for a ticket for his trip when the night watchman came in, who was back from work, and said" Good morning" to the owner. Then he told him that he had dreamed that very night of his employer’s(雇主的)plane crashing(坠毁) after taking off. The owner was surprised to hear this. He decided, however, there was something in what the night watchman said. He postponed(推迟) his trip.
As things turned out, the night watchman’s dream was correct. That day the plane exploded (爆炸) just after leaving the ground. The owner gave the night watchman 5,000 dollars and a letter. He said, "I’m very sorry to do so. But I have to do so. Read the letter when you get home."
The puzzled man hurried home and tore the letter in a hurry. After taking a look, he turned pale. There was only one sentence in it. And he knew that he had been fired.
A:as a reward B:as his wage C:as a prize for his hard work D:because the night watchman had saved him in time of danger
Mr. Smith used to work the night ______ in a power plant.
A:stretch B:shift C:time D:turn
Personally, I prefer to stay upat night, but notIll have to drive to work the next day.
A:deeply; while B:deep; unless C:far; because D:late; when
