根据探针标记时的反应方式不同，核酸探针的标记方法可分为化学法和酶促法两种。其中酶促法是目前实验室最常用的核酸探针标记方法。

主要用于寡核苷酸探针或序列较短的RNA和DNA探针的标记方法是

A:随机引物法 B:缺口平移法 C:T4多核苷酸激酶标记DNA的5′末端 D:Klenow片段标记DNA的3′末端 E:PCR标记法

　核酸探针指由人工标有特定标志物的单链核酸（DNA或RNA）片段，它能以碱基配对互补的方式与具有对应碱基序列的单链核酸结合，用来检测样品中的核酸与探针是否具有同源性,以及同源片段的大小。

关于核酸探针，与cDNA探针的特点不相符的是

A:标记方法成熟，有多种标记方法可供选择 B:可以克隆到质粒载体中进行无限繁殖，制备方法简便 C:适用于基因表达的检测 D:相对于RNA而言，cDNA探针不易降解 E:不含有基因的内含子序列，用于检测基因表达时杂交效率要明显低于DNA探针

　核酸探针指由人工标有特定标志物的单链核酸（DNA或RNA）片段，它能以碱基配对互补的方式与具有对应碱基序列的单链核酸结合，用来检测样品中的核酸与探针是否具有同源性,以及同源片段的大小。

关于寡核苷酸探针，叙述正确的是

A:序列短，对碱基组成和探针结构要求不高 B:杂交时间长，杂交信号强 C:灵敏性和特异性都很高 D:可以用于点突变的检测 E:制备方法复杂，价格较高

核酸探针技术是最早运用到临床实践中的分子生物学技术，其原理是选择某一组病原体特异的基因序列，进行克隆,合成，然后用作探针，探针与临床标本中的靶DNA或靶RNA杂交，核酸探针与靶核酸互补序列的结合有高度特异性，可在种或高于或低于种的水平鉴定病原体。

影响探针杂交特异性的主要因素是

A:温度 B:特异性探针 C:载体 D:标志物 E:核酸片段大小

核酸探针技术是最早运用到临床实践中的分子生物学技术，其原理是选择某一组病原体特异的基因序列，进行克隆,合成，然后用作探针，探针与临床标本中的靶DNA或靶RNA杂交，核酸探针与靶核酸互补序列的结合有高度特异性，可在种或高于或低于种的水平鉴定病原体。

常用核酸探针杂交方式中反应速度最快的是

A:固相－液相杂交 B:原位杂交 C:液相－液相杂交 D:液相－固相杂交 E:荧光原位杂交

DNA Fingerprinting

    DNA is the genetic material found within the cell nuclei of all living things. In mammals the strands of DNA are grouped into structures called chromosomes.¹ With the exception of identical siblings (as in identical twins)²，the complete DNA of each individual is unique.

    DNA fingerprinting is sometimes called DNA typing.³ It is a method of identification that compares bits of DNA. A DNA fingerprint is constructed by first drawing out a DNA sample from body tissue or fluid such as hair, blood, or saliva. The sample is then segmented using enzymes, and the segments are arranged by size. The segments are marked with probes and exposed on X-ray film，where they form a pattern of black bars — the DNA fingerprint.⁴ If the DNA fingerprints produced from two different samples match，the two samples probably came from the same person.

    DNA fingerprinting was first developed as an identification technique in 1985. Originally used to detect the presence of genetic diseases⁵，it soon came to be used in criminal investigations and legal affairs. The first criminal conviction based on DNA evidence⁶ in the United Statesoccurred in 1988. In criminal investigations, DNA fingerprints derived from evidence collected at the crime scene are compared to the DNA fingerprints of suspects. Generally, courts have accepted the reliability of DNA testing and admitted DNA test results into evidence. However, DNA fingerprinting is controversial in a number of areas： the accuracy of the results, the cost of testing, and the possible misuse of the technique.   

    The accuracy of DNA fingerprinting has been challenged for several reasons. First, because DNA segments rather than complete DNA strands are "fingerprinted" ； a DNA fingerprint may not be unique ； large-scale research to confirm the uniqueness of DNA fingerprinting test results has not been conducted. In addition，DNA fingerprinting is often done in private laboratories that may not follow uniform testing standards and quality controls. Also, since human beings must interpret the test, human error could lead to false results.

    DNA fingerprinting is expensive. Suspects who are unable to provide their own DNA to experts may not be able to successfully defend themselves against charges based on DNA evidence.

    Widespread use of DNA testing for identification purposes may lead to the establishment of a DNA fingerprint database.

词汇：

figerprinting /ˈfɪŋgəprɪnt/ n. 指纹法，指纹术 

nucleus /"nju:klɪəs/ n. 核，中心
genetic / dʒəˈnetɪk / adj. 遗传的 

mammal /ˈmæml/ n. 哺乳动物
chromosome /ˈkrəʊməˌsəʊm/ n. 染色体 

identification /"aɪˌdentɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/ n. 识别，鉴定，证明
enzyme /"enzaɪm/ n. 酶 

suspect /səˈspekt/ n. 嫌疑犯
fingerprint / ˈfɪŋgəprɪnt / n. 指纹 

saliva /səˈlaɪvə/ n. 唾液
segment /ˈsegmənt/ vt.  分割，分裂；切片，不笨
controversial / ˌkɒntrəˈvɜ:ʃl / adj. 有争议的 

uniform /"ju:nɪfɔ:ml/ adj. 一致的，相同的

注释：

1.In mammals the strands of DNA are grouped into structures called chromosomes.哺乳L动物的 DNA线被组合为称作染色体的各种结构。
2.With the exception of identical siblings (as in identical twins)：生物姊妹体除外（如完全相同的双胞胎）
3.DNA fingerprinting is sometimes called DNA typing. DNA 指纹检查法有时也称 DNA 印记法。
4.The segments are marked with probes and exposed on X-ray film, where they form a pattern of black bars - the DNA fingerprint.切片先用探针做标记，然后在X光片上曝光。胶片上形成 由黑色条纹组成的图案，这就是DNA指纹。
5.Originally used to detect the presence of genetic diseases ： (DNA 指纹法）开始是用来探测遗传病的存在
6.The first criminal conviction based on DNA evidence：基于 DNA 提供证据的首例定罪

This essay talks about DNA fingerprinting concerning the following aspects EXCEPT____

A:legal application of the method B:the way to obtain a DNA sample C:work yet to be done about DNA fingerprinting D:possible danger in drawing a DNA sample from the human body

Southem印迹的DNA探针（）杂交

A:只与完全相同的片段 B:可与任何含有相同序列的DNA片段 C:可与任何含有互补序列的DNA片段 D:可与用某些限制性内切核酸酶切成的DNA片段 E:以上都是

Southern印迹是用DNA探针检测DNA片段，而Northern印迹则是（）

A:用RNA探针检测DNA片段 B:用RNA探针检测RNA片段 C:用DNA探针检测RNA片段 D:用DNA探针检测蛋白质片段