Transportation Decision Transportation decision consists of the following parts: 1.Selection of the mode is determined by the consideration of distance,cargo weights,linkage,timing and other requirements.Generally speaking,rail has high fixed cost and the relatively low variable cost.It can move heavy,large quantity of cargo in the long distance.But,rail is disadvantaged because of the longer transit time and less frequent service than motor. Motor carriers such as truck companies offer door-to-door service,that is,the cargo can be shipped from the shipper＇swarehouse to the consignee＇s.Trucking fixed cost is the lowest of any carrier,because the equipment is fairly cheap and the motor carriers do not have to invest in the roads on which they run their operations.However,their variable costs are very high.Its expenses include two major components:firstly,the pick-up and delivery costs;secondly,there are gas or fuel costs,labor expenses and toll roads fees to be paid to highway and toll road operators Therefore,motor transport is good for cargo with small quantity to be shipped within short distances. Water is the predominant choice of transportation as it has the capacity to take greatest quantity,travel longest distance with lowest cost.Transport by sea accounts for 80% of in-ternational trade.The major expenses for water are expenses associated with investment and maintenance of the ships and terminals.For example,a 100000-ton container ship costs US$ 200 million.Terminal associated costs include harbor fees and the cost for loading and unloading the goods. Transport by air has the highest cost but it is fast with the lowest ratio of loss and dam-age.If you need to deliver an urgent order,there is little choice but by air. 2.Transport service provider is selected for its experiences,equipment,services and prices.Competitive in the transport industry usually drives the prices down and motivates for better services.A company also chooses its transport service provider because of its long-standing business relationship with certain shipping companies. 3.The alternative routing and scheduling is specific for motor only because railway and water have strict route and timetable.Motor has special advantage in terms of flexibility.It has the ability to load goods at greater frequency,travel through different routes and making deliveries to different loca-tions.Questions:

For heavy and long distance cargo with low cost,which of the following is the pre-ferred mode for transportation?( )

A:Trucks. B:Water. C:Aircraft. D:Broken down in small bulks and deliver by air.

Text 3
One of the oldest seafaring ships in the world has been reconstructed after seven years’ patient archaeological work. The ship, a 60- foot sailing vessel, sank off the coast of Cyprus in the days of Alexander the Great around the year 300 B.C. Its discovery and restoration have now thrown new light on the ancient trade routes and shipbuilding techniques.
What makes the Cyprus ship so informative is the remarkable state of preservation--mainly due to an unusual feature of its design. The hull was sheathed on the outside with lead that was fixed to the timber with bronze tacks which helped the wooden frame survive 2000 years under the sea.
The first clue to the wreck’s existence came in’ 1964 when a sponge diver from the present- day resort of Kyrenia came across a pole of amphorae (ancient storage jugs). Unfortunately his diving air supply ran out just at that moment, so that he had no time to mark the spot. It took him three years and hundreds of dives before he chanced upon them again.
He reported his find to an underwater archaeological team from the University of Pennsylvania which was surveying the Cypriot coasts for wrecks. After checking his description, the team decided to concentrate their resources on the Kyrenia ship, and over the next two years a team of no fewer that 50 archaeologists and divers took part in the excavation.
With the help of a metal detector, the team discovered that wreckage lay scattered over a 2000 - square - foot area, often buried beneath sand and sea - weed. Each item was carefully photographed in its place, and a system of plastic grids stretched over the whole site so that it could be accurately mapped.
More than 400 amphorae lay buried in the sand. The ship had been carrying a cargo of wine and almonds. More than 9000 of these were found in or nearby the amphorae, their outer shells still perfectly preserved. As well as these, there were 29 stone grain mills, being carried both as cargo and as ballast. These were carefully stored in three rows parallel to the axis of the keel.
As well as the main cargo, there were other small finds. Four wooden spoons, four oil jugs, four salt dishes and four drinking cups suggested the number of crew on the ship s last voyage. There was an axe, and near the intricately carved mast lay a wooden pulley, used to raise and lower the yard. A bronze cauldron, used perhaps to prepare the crew’ s meals was also lying in the wreck.
Of five bronze coins found, none dated earlier than 306 B.C. Carbon - 14 analysis of the almond cargo pinpointed their date at about 288 B. C. , but that of the ship’ s planking suggested an earlier of 370 B. C. Thus the Kyrenia ship was more than 80 years old the day she sank-a long life for a wooden hull and proof of the good craftsmanship of her builder.

The approximate date of the shipwreck could be decided from（）

A:the dates on the coins found B:the analysis of the age of the materials from which the ship was built C:the scientifically - determined age of some of the cargo D:a knowledge of the date of the building of the ship together with her known age

Text 3
One of the oldest seafaring ships in the world has been reconstructed after seven years’ patient archaeological work. The ship, a 60- foot sailing vessel, sank off the coast of Cyprus in the days of Alexander the Great around the year 300 B.C. Its discovery and restoration have now thrown new light on the ancient trade routes and shipbuilding techniques.
What makes the Cyprus ship so informative is the remarkable state of preservation--mainly due to an unusual feature of its design. The hull was sheathed on the outside with lead that was fixed to the timber with bronze tacks which helped the wooden frame survive 2000 years under the sea.
The first clue to the wreck’s existence came in’ 1964 when a sponge diver from the present- day resort of Kyrenia came across a pole of amphorae (ancient storage jugs). Unfortunately his diving air supply ran out just at that moment, so that he had no time to mark the spot. It took him three years and hundreds of dives before he chanced upon them again.
He reported his find to an underwater archaeological team from the University of Pennsylvania which was surveying the Cypriot coasts for wrecks. After checking his description, the team decided to concentrate their resources on the Kyrenia ship, and over the next two years a team of no fewer that 50 archaeologists and divers took part in the excavation.
With the help of a metal detector, the team discovered that wreckage lay scattered over a 2000 - square - foot area, often buried beneath sand and sea - weed. Each item was carefully photographed in its place, and a system of plastic grids stretched over the whole site so that it could be accurately mapped.
More than 400 amphorae lay buried in the sand. The ship had been carrying a cargo of wine and almonds. More than 9000 of these were found in or nearby the amphorae, their outer shells still perfectly preserved. As well as these, there were 29 stone grain mills, being carried both as cargo and as ballast. These were carefully stored in three rows parallel to the axis of the keel.
As well as the main cargo, there were other small finds. Four wooden spoons, four oil jugs, four salt dishes and four drinking cups suggested the number of crew on the ship s last voyage. There was an axe, and near the intricately carved mast lay a wooden pulley, used to raise and lower the yard. A bronze cauldron, used perhaps to prepare the crew’ s meals was also lying in the wreck.
Of five bronze coins found, none dated earlier than 306 B.C. Carbon - 14 analysis of the almond cargo pinpointed their date at about 288 B. C. , but that of the ship’ s planking suggested an earlier of 370 B. C. Thus the Kyrenia ship was more than 80 years old the day she sank-a long life for a wooden hull and proof of the good craftsmanship of her builder.

Which of the following tasks is not stated as having formed part of the research（）

A:Recording pictures of the finds. B:Making an exact plan of the position of the finds. C:Locating all the parts of the ship and its cargo in that area. D:Storing everything carefully in rows.

Text 3 One of the oldest seafaring ships in the world has been reconstructed after seven years’ patient archaeological work. The ship, a 60- foot sailing vessel, sank off the coast of Cyprus in the days of Alexander the Great around the year 300 B.C. Its discovery and restoration have now thrown new light on the ancient trade routes and shipbuilding techniques. What makes the Cyprus ship so informative is the remarkable state of preservation--mainly due to an unusual feature of its design. The hull was sheathed on the outside with lead that was fixed to the timber with bronze tacks which helped the wooden frame survive 2000 years under the sea. The first clue to the wreck’s existence came in’ 1964 when a sponge diver from the present- day resort of Kyrenia came across a pole of amphorae (ancient storage jugs). Unfortunately his diving air supply ran out just at that moment, so that he had no time to mark the spot. It took him three years and hundreds of dives before he chanced upon them again. He reported his find to an underwater archaeological team from the University of Pennsylvania which was surveying the Cypriot coasts for wrecks. After checking his description, the team decided to concentrate their resources on the Kyrenia ship, and over the next two years a team of no fewer that 50 archaeologists and divers took part in the excavation. With the help of a metal detector, the team discovered that wreckage lay scattered over a 2000 - square - foot area, often buried beneath sand and sea - weed. Each item was carefully photographed in its place, and a system of plastic grids stretched over the whole site so that it could be accurately mapped. More than 400 amphorae lay buried in the sand. The ship had been carrying a cargo of wine and almonds. More than 9000 of these were found in or nearby the amphorae, their outer shells still perfectly preserved. As well as these, there were 29 stone grain mills, being carried both as cargo and as ballast. These were carefully stored in three rows parallel to the axis of the keel. As well as the main cargo, there were other small finds. Four wooden spoons, four oil jugs, four salt dishes and four drinking cups suggested the number of crew on the ship s last voyage. There was an axe, and near the intricately carved mast lay a wooden pulley, used to raise and lower the yard. A bronze cauldron, used perhaps to prepare the crew’ s meals was also lying in the wreck. Of five bronze coins found, none dated earlier than 306 B.C. Carbon - 14 analysis of the almond cargo pinpointed their date at about 288 B. C. , but that of the ship’ s planking suggested an earlier of 370 B. C. Thus the Kyrenia ship was more than 80 years old the day she sank-a long life for a wooden hull and proof of the good craftsmanship of her builder.

The approximate date of the shipwreck could be decided from（）

A:the dates on the coins found B:the analysis of the age of the materials from which the ship was built C:the scientifically - determined age of some of the cargo D:a knowledge of the date of the building of the ship together with her known age

Text 3 One of the oldest seafaring ships in the world has been reconstructed after seven years’ patient archaeological work. The ship, a 60- foot sailing vessel, sank off the coast of Cyprus in the days of Alexander the Great around the year 300 B.C. Its discovery and restoration have now thrown new light on the ancient trade routes and shipbuilding techniques. What makes the Cyprus ship so informative is the remarkable state of preservation--mainly due to an unusual feature of its design. The hull was sheathed on the outside with lead that was fixed to the timber with bronze tacks which helped the wooden frame survive 2000 years under the sea. The first clue to the wreck’s existence came in’ 1964 when a sponge diver from the present- day resort of Kyrenia came across a pole of amphorae (ancient storage jugs). Unfortunately his diving air supply ran out just at that moment, so that he had no time to mark the spot. It took him three years and hundreds of dives before he chanced upon them again. He reported his find to an underwater archaeological team from the University of Pennsylvania which was surveying the Cypriot coasts for wrecks. After checking his description, the team decided to concentrate their resources on the Kyrenia ship, and over the next two years a team of no fewer that 50 archaeologists and divers took part in the excavation. With the help of a metal detector, the team discovered that wreckage lay scattered over a 2000 - square - foot area, often buried beneath sand and sea - weed. Each item was carefully photographed in its place, and a system of plastic grids stretched over the whole site so that it could be accurately mapped. More than 400 amphorae lay buried in the sand. The ship had been carrying a cargo of wine and almonds. More than 9000 of these were found in or nearby the amphorae, their outer shells still perfectly preserved. As well as these, there were 29 stone grain mills, being carried both as cargo and as ballast. These were carefully stored in three rows parallel to the axis of the keel. As well as the main cargo, there were other small finds. Four wooden spoons, four oil jugs, four salt dishes and four drinking cups suggested the number of crew on the ship s last voyage. There was an axe, and near the intricately carved mast lay a wooden pulley, used to raise and lower the yard. A bronze cauldron, used perhaps to prepare the crew’ s meals was also lying in the wreck. Of five bronze coins found, none dated earlier than 306 B.C. Carbon - 14 analysis of the almond cargo pinpointed their date at about 288 B. C. , but that of the ship’ s planking suggested an earlier of 370 B. C. Thus the Kyrenia ship was more than 80 years old the day she sank-a long life for a wooden hull and proof of the good craftsmanship of her builder.

Which of the following tasks is not stated as having formed part of the research（）

A:Recording pictures of the finds. B:Making an exact plan of the position of the finds. C:Locating all the parts of the ship and its cargo in that area. D:Storing everything carefully in rows.

Text 3
One of the oldest seafaring ships in the world has been reconstructed after seven years’ patient archaeological work. The ship, a 60- foot sailing vessel, sank off the coast of Cyprus in the days of Alexander the Great around the year 300 B.C. Its discovery and restoration have now thrown new light on the ancient trade routes and shipbuilding techniques.
What makes the Cyprus ship so informative is the remarkable state of preservation--mainly due to an unusual feature of its design. The hull was sheathed on the outside with lead that was fixed to the timber with bronze tacks which helped the wooden frame survive 2000 years under the sea.
The first clue to the wreck’s existence came in’ 1964 when a sponge diver from the present- day resort of Kyrenia came across a pole of amphorae (ancient storage jugs). Unfortunately his diving air supply ran out just at that moment, so that he had no time to mark the spot. It took him three years and hundreds of dives before he chanced upon them again.
He reported his find to an underwater archaeological team from the University of Pennsylvania which was surveying the Cypriot coasts for wrecks. After checking his description, the team decided to concentrate their resources on the Kyrenia ship, and over the next two years a team of no fewer that 50 archaeologists and divers took part in the excavation.
With the help of a metal detector, the team discovered that wreckage lay scattered over a 2000 - square - foot area, often buried beneath sand and sea - weed. Each item was carefully photographed in its place, and a system of plastic grids stretched over the whole site so that it could be accurately mapped.
More than 400 amphorae lay buried in the sand. The ship had been carrying a cargo of wine and almonds. More than 9000 of these were found in or nearby the amphorae, their outer shells still perfectly preserved. As well as these, there were 29 stone grain mills, being carried both as cargo and as ballast. These were carefully stored in three rows parallel to the axis of the keel.
As well as the main cargo, there were other small finds. Four wooden spoons, four oil jugs, four salt dishes and four drinking cups suggested the number of crew on the ship s last voyage. There was an axe, and near the intricately carved mast lay a wooden pulley, used to raise and lower the yard. A bronze cauldron, used perhaps to prepare the crew’ s meals was also lying in the wreck.
Of five bronze coins found, none dated earlier than 306 B.C. Carbon - 14 analysis of the almond cargo pinpointed their date at about 288 B. C. , but that of the ship’ s planking suggested an earlier of 370 B. C. Thus the Kyrenia ship was more than 80 years old the day she sank-a long life for a wooden hull and proof of the good craftsmanship of her builder.

Which of the following tasks is not stated as having formed part of the research（　）

A:Recording pictures of the finds. B:Making an exact plan of the position of the finds. C:Locating all the parts of the ship and its cargo in that area. D:Storing everything carefully in rows.

( )are the documents used in air cargo transportation.

A:SLI B:SWB C:AWB D:Cargo manifest

Questions from 36 to 40 are based on the following passage: Generally, cargo is carried in containers, but sometimes it is still shipped as breakbulk cargo. During the voyage, goods may be stacked on top of or come into violent contact with other goods. And the cargo might be dragged, pushed, rolled, or dropped during unloading, while moving through customs, or in transit to the final destination. Moisture is a constant concern because condensation may develop in the hold of a ship even if it is equipped with air conditioning and a dehumidifier(除湿机). Another aspect of this problem is that cargo may also be unloaded in precipitation, or the foreign port may not have covered storage facilities. Buyers are often familiar with the port systems overseas, so they will often specify packaging requirements. If the buyer does not specify this, be sure the goods are prepared using these guidelines: Pack in strong containers, adequately sealed and filled when possible. To provide proper bracing in the container, regardless of size, make sure the weight is evenly distributed. Goods should be palletized when possible containerized. Packages and packing filler should be made of moisture-resistant material. To avoid pilferage, avoid writing contents or brand names on packages. Other safeguards include using straps, seals, and shrink wrapping. Observe any product-specific hazardous materials packing requirements. Normally, air shipments require less heavy packing than ocean shipments, though they should still be adequately protected, especially if they are highly pilferable. Finally, because transportation costs are determined by volume and weight, specially reinforced and lightweight packing materials have been developed for exporting. Packing goods to minimize volume and weight while reinforcing them may save money, as well as ensure that the goods are properly packed. Rough handling in transit will do great harm especially to（ ）.

A:containerized cargo B:breakbulk cargo C:palletized goods D:none of the above

Questions from 31 to 35 are based on the following passage: Generally, cargo is carried in containers, but sometimes it is still shipped as breakbulk cargo. During the voyage, goods may be stacked on top of or come into violent contact with other goods. And the cargo might be dragged, pushed, rolled, or dropped during unloading, while moving through customs, or in transit to the final destination. Moisture is a constant concern because condensation may develop in the hold of a ship even if it is equipped with air conditioning and a dehumidifier(除湿机). Another aspect of this problem is that cargo may also be unloaded in precipitation, or the foreign port may not have covered storage facilities. Buyers are often familiar with the port systems overseas, so they will often specify packaging requirements. If the buyer does not specify this, be sure the goods are prepared using these guidelines: Pack in strong containers, adequately sealed and filled when possible. To provide proper bracing in the container, regardless of size, make sure the weight is evenly distributed. Goods should be palletized when possible containerized. Packages and packing filler should be made of moisture-resistant material. To avoid pilferage, avoid writing contents or brand names on packages. Other safeguards include using straps, seals, and shrink wrapping. Observe any product-specific hazardous materials packing requirements. Normally, air shipments require less heavy packing than ocean shipments, though they should still be adequately protected, especially if they are highly pilferable. Finally, because transportation costs are determined by volume and weight, specially reinforced and lightweight packing materials have been developed for exporting. Packing goods to minimize volume and weight while reinforcing them may save money, as well as ensure that the goods are properly packed.

Rough handling in transit will do great harm especially to（）

A:containerized cargo B:breakbulk cargo C:palletized goods D:none of the above