What is logistics? In the current business environment,logistics is generally accepted as a very important element for the economic development and business growth of a region,especially a port city. In reality,what does logistics mean?In which way does it operate? For simple definition,logistics is a set of procedures in which commodity is delivered in an efficient manner from suppliers to customers.There are three key aspects to the concepts: 1．Movement of goods Goods can be considered as valuable objects,such as cargo and materials that are valua-ble and purchasable through commercial transactions and processes.Flow can be determined as methods in which goods are moved or transferred between locations,intermediaries and merchandisers.Modes of transportation include motor,rail,water,air and pipeline. 2.Direction of the flow of goods In the open market place,buyers and sellers represent two ends of a commercialtrans-action.Buyers are usually customers who demand the goods,while,as sellers are suppliers who provide such goods.When a transaction is agreed upon (sometimes payment is comple-ted,other times the payment is arranged to be completed at a later stage),the suppliers have the responsibility to arrange for the goods to be delivered to the customers. 3.Efficient management of the flow process The transportation of goods should bear low cost and ensure safety and punctuality.It should do its best to avoid wasting customers＇resources.Currently,the flow of goods is generally controlled by both hardware and software.By hardware,we mean logistics facili-ties and equipment,such as ports,warehouses and trucks,ships,railroad,cars and air-lines.By software,we mean information system,standardization and data sharing.Questions:

When a transaction is agreed upon,does every payment need to be completed?( )

A:Yes,completely. B:Not neccessary. C:Depen D:Completed based on whatever suppliers need．

Questions from 31 to 35 are based on the following passage:
　　The exporter, as drawer of a draft (bill of exchange), hands the draft to his bank, the remitting bank, who in turn forwards it to the buyer through a collecting bank in the buyer’s country. A draft (also called a bill) is a written order to a bank or a customer to pay someone on demand or at a fixed time in the future a certain sum of money. If shipping documents accompany the draft, the collection is called “documentary collection.”
　　Documentary collection falls into two major categories: one is documents against payment(D/P); the other, documents against acceptance (D/A).
　　Documents against payment, as the term suggests, is that the collecting bank will only give the shipping documents representing the title to the goods on the condition that the buyer makes payment.
　　Where the paying arrangement is D/A, the collecting bank will only give the buyer the shipping documents after buyer’s acceptance of the bill drawn on him, i.e. the buyer signs his name on the bill promising to pay the sum when it matures. In return he gets what he needs – the shipping documents.
　　Under D/A, the seller gives up the title to the goods – shipping documents before he gets payment of the goods. Therefore, an exporter must think twice before he accepts such paying arrangement.

A:documents against acceptance B:documents against payment C:delivery after payment D:cash against payment

March 26, 2006
Mr. Samuel Brown
Truestar Corporation
Finance Department Manager
Re: Account # 2958A
Dear Mr. Brown,
I want to thank you for the conversation that we had earlier today and for agreeing to a reduction in payment for my outstanding account. As discussed, I will implement a bi-weekly payment of $250, effective Friday, March 31. I will ensure that payment is in my bank account for your automatic withdrawal by 10:00 a.m. every Friday payment period until my account is paid in full.
I very much appreciate your understanding my current financial situation, and will contact you should things improve.
Please do not hesitate to contact me if you have any questions.
Best regards,
Jason Chalmers
September 3, 2006
Jason Chalmers
21 Reelster Boulevard
Vancouver. BC
Dear Jason,
I am writing to update you on your account status (#2958A) with Truestar Corporation. As a result of our consolidated efforts to restructure your repayment plan in March of this year, it is with great satisfaction that I let you know that your account has now been cleared and paid in full.
With diligence and cooperation, we have successfully worked through this financial situation.
We would be pleased to offer our services should you need them again in the future. Please contact us with your request.
Best wishes, and we look forward to working with you again soon.
Samuel Brown
Truestar Corporation
Finance Department Manager
Why did Mr. Brown write the letter

A:To request an overdue payment B:To ask for an extension on payment due C:To notify the client that the account has been settled D:To offer a special type of a service

March 26, 2006
Mr. Samuel Brown
Truestar Corporation
Finance Department Manager
Re: Account # 2958A
Dear Mr. Brown,
I want to thank you for the conversation that we had earlier today and for agreeing to a reduction in payment for my outstanding account. As discussed, I will implement a bi-weekly payment of $250, effective Friday, March 31. I will ensure that payment is in my bank account for your automatic withdrawal by 10:00 a.m. every Friday payment period until my account is paid in full.
I very much appreciate your understanding my current financial situation, and will contact you should things improve.
Please do not hesitate to contact me if you have any questions.
Best regards,
Jason Chalmers
September 3, 2006
Jason Chalmers
21 Reelster Boulevard
Vancouver. BC
Dear Jason,
I am writing to update you on your account status (#2958A) with Truestar Corporation. As a result of our consolidated efforts to restructure your repayment plan in March of this year, it is with great satisfaction that I let you know that your account has now been cleared and paid in full.
With diligence and cooperation, we have successfully worked through this financial situation.
We would be pleased to offer our services should you need them again in the future. Please contact us with your request.
Best wishes, and we look forward to working with you again soon.
Samuel Brown
Truestar Corporation
Finance Department Manager
Why did Mr. Brown write the letter

A:To request an overdue payment B:To ask for an extension on payment due C:To notify the client that the account has been settled D:To offer a special type of a service

Questions from 36 to 40 are based on the following passage: The exporter, as drawer of a draft (bill of exchange), hands the draft to his bank, the remitting bank, who in turn forwards it to the buyer through a collecting bank in the buyer’s country. A draft (also called a bill) is a written order to a bank or a customer to pay someone on demand or at a fixed time in the future a certain sum of money. If shipping documents accompany the draft, the collection is called “documentary collection.” Documentary collection falls into two major categories: one is documents against payment(D/P); the other, documents against acceptance (D/A). Documents against payment, as the term suggests, is that the collecting bank will only give the shipping documents representing the title to the goods on the condition that the buyer makes payment. Where the paying arrangement is D/A, the collecting bank will only give the buyer the shipping documents after buyer’s acceptance of the bill drawn on him, i.e. the buyer signs his name on the bill promising to pay the sum when it matures. In return he gets what he needs – the shipping documents. Under D/A, the seller gives up the title to the goods – shipping documents before he gets payment of the goods. Therefore, an exporter must think twice before he accepts such paying arrangement.

A:documents against acceptance B:documents against payment C:delivery after payment D:cash against payment

Questions from 31 to 35 are based on the following passage: The exporter, as drawer of a draft (bill of exchange), hands the draft to his bank, the remitting bank, who in turn forwards it to the buyer through a collecting bank in the buyer’s country. A draft (also called a bill) is a written order to a bank or a customer to pay someone on demand or at a fixed time in the future a certain sum of money. If shipping documents accompany the draft, the collection is called “documentary collection.” Documentary collection falls into two major categories: one is documents against payment(D/P); the other, documents against acceptance (D/A). Documents against payment, as the term suggests, is that the collecting bank will only give the shipping documents representing the title to the goods on the condition that the buyer makes payment. Where the paying arrangement is D/A, the collecting bank will only give the buyer the shipping documents after buyer’s acceptance of the bill drawn on him, i.e. the buyer signs his name on the bill promising to pay the sum when it matures. In return he gets what he needs – the shipping documents. Under D/A, the seller gives up the title to the goods – shipping documents before he gets payment of the goods. Therefore, an exporter must think twice before he accepts such paying arrangement.The meaning of D/A is（ ）.

A:documents against acceptance B:documents against payment C:delivery after payment D:cash against payment