What is logistics? In the current business environment,logistics is generally accepted as a very important element for the economic development and business growth of a region,especially a port city. In reality,what does logistics mean?In which way does it operate? For simple definition,logistics is a set of procedures in which commodity is delivered in an efficient manner from suppliers to customers.There are three key aspects to the concepts: 1．Movement of goods Goods can be considered as valuable objects,such as cargo and materials that are valua-ble and purchasable through commercial transactions and processes.Flow can be determined as methods in which goods are moved or transferred between locations,intermediaries and merchandisers.Modes of transportation include motor,rail,water,air and pipeline. 2.Direction of the flow of goods In the open market place,buyers and sellers represent two ends of a commercialtrans-action.Buyers are usually customers who demand the goods,while,as sellers are suppliers who provide such goods.When a transaction is agreed upon (sometimes payment is comple-ted,other times the payment is arranged to be completed at a later stage),the suppliers have the responsibility to arrange for the goods to be delivered to the customers. 3.Efficient management of the flow process The transportation of goods should bear low cost and ensure safety and punctuality.It should do its best to avoid wasting customers＇resources.Currently,the flow of goods is generally controlled by both hardware and software.By hardware,we mean logistics facili-ties and equipment,such as ports,warehouses and trucks,ships,railroad,cars and air-lines.By software,we mean information system,standardization and data sharing.Questions:

When a transaction is agreed upon,does every payment need to be completed?( )

A:Yes,completely. B:Not neccessary. C:Depen D:Completed based on whatever suppliers need．

Prolonging Human Life

   Prolonging human life has increased the size of the human population.¹ Many people alive today would have died of childhood diseases if they had been born 100 years ago.² Because more people live longer, there are more people around at any given time.³ In fact, it is a decrease in death rates, not an increase in birthrates, that has led to the population explosion.
　　Prolonging human life has also increased the dependency load⁴. In all societies, people who are disabled or too young or too old to work are dependent on the rest of society to provide for them. In hunting and gathering cultures, old people who could not keep up might be left behind to die. In times of famine,⁵ infants might be allowed to die because they could not survive if their parents starved, whereas if the parents survived they could have another child. In most contemporary societies, people feel a moral obligation to keep people alive whether they can work or not. We have a great many people today who live past the age at which they want to work or are able to work; we also have rules which require people to retire at a certain age. Unless these people were able to save money for their retirement, somebody else must support them. In the United Statesmany retired people live on social security checks which are so little that they must live in near poverty. Older people have more illness than young or middle-aged people; unless they have wealth or private or government insurance, they must often "go on welfare"⁶ if they have a serious illness.
　　When older people become senile or too weak and ill to care for themselves, they create grave problems⁷ for their families. In the past and in some traditional cultures, they would be cared for at home until they died. Today, with most members of a household working or in school, there is often no one at home who can care for a sick or weak person. To meet this need, a great many nursing homes and convalescent hospitals⁸ have been built. These are often profit-making organizations,⁹ although some are sponsored by religious and other nonprofit groups. While a few of these institutions arc good, most of them are simply "dumping grounds"¹⁰ for the dying in which "care" is given by poorly paid, overworked, and under-skilled personnel.

词汇：

dependency/ dɪˈpendənsi/n. 依赖性 

contemporary/ kənˈtemprəri/adj. 现代的
obligation/ ˌɒblɪ"ɡeɪʃn/n. 义务

insurance / ɪnˈʃʊərəns/n. 保险
welfare / "welfeə/n.福利

senile / ˈsi:naɪl/adj. 衰老的
grave / ɡreɪv/adj. 严肃的 

convalescent / ˌkɒnvəˈlesnt/adj.康复的
sponsor / "spɒnsə/v.发起，资助 

institution / ˌɪnstɪˈtju:ʃn/n.机构

注释:

In Paragraph 3, the phrase "this need" refers to____

A:the need to prolong the lives of old people B:the need to enrich the life of the retired people C:the need to build profit-making nursing homes D:the need to take care of a sick and weak person

Major difficulties arise when multiple projects need to be managed in the functional organizational structure because of （）.

A:the level of authority of the project manager B:conflicts over the relative priorities of different projects in competition for limited resources C:project team members who are focused on their functional specialty rather than on the project D:the need for the project manager to use interpersonal skills to resolve conflicts informally

"None of them need do any work today, ______ they" "Yes, all of them ______.

A:needn't; need B:mustn't; must C:need; needn't D:need; must

"None of them need do any work today, （） they" "Yes, all of them（）

A:needn't; need B:mustn't; must C:need; needn't D:need; must

Reading Something In English When you read to learn English composition, you 【51】 regard the language as the main thing. When you read a 【52】 in English, do you read it for the story or for the English? This is a question that is not so foolish 【53】 it may seem, 【54】 I find that many students of English 【55】 far more attention to the story than to the English. They read and enjoy and 【56】 a long time afterwards remember the story, but do not care to study the use of words and 【57】 in it. For instance, they know the plot (情节) of the story 【58】 , but do not remember a 【59】 sentence in the story and cannot tell what preposition is used before or 【60】 a certain word in the speech of a certain character(人物). Of course, it is all right to read and 【61】 and remember a story, and so long as one 【62】 to know the story only, one need not bother about the language. But the case is quite different 【63】 a student of English. I mean a student of English as distinguished (区别于)from a reader of stories or what is called the general reader. As you may have 【64】 form the above, a student of English should read very 【65】 and regard the language as the main thing.

A:ought B:need C:would D:ought to

Reading Something In English When you read to learn English composition, you 【51】 regard the language as the main thing. When you read a 【52】 in English, do you read it for the story or for the English? This is a question that is not so foolish 【53】 it may seem, 【54】 I find that many students of English 【55】 far more attention to the story than to the English. They read and enjoy and 【56】 a long time afterwards remember the story, but do not care to study the use of words and 【57】 in it. For instance, they know the plot (情节) of the story 【58】 , but do not remember a 【59】 sentence in the story and cannot tell what preposition is used before or 【60】 a certain word in the speech of a certain character(人物). Of course, it is all right to read and 【61】 and remember a story, and so long as one 【62】 to know the story only, one need not bother about the language. But the case is quite different 【63】 a student of English. I mean a student of English as distinguished (区别于)from a reader of stories or what is called the general reader. As you may have 【64】 form the above, a student of English should read very 【65】 and regard the language as the main thing.

A:ought B:need C:would D:ought to

Reading Something In English When you read to learn English composition, you 【51】 regard the language as the main thing. When you read a 【52】 in English, do you read it for the story or for the English? This is a question that is not so foolish 【53】 it may seem, 【54】 I find that many students of English 【55】 far more attention to the story than to the English. They read and enjoy and 【56】 a long time afterwards remember the story, but do not care to study the use of words and 【57】 in it. For instance, they know the plot (情节) of the story 【58】 , but do not remember a 【59】 sentence in the story and cannot tell what preposition is used before or 【60】 a certain word in the speech of a certain character(人物). Of course, it is all right to read and 【61】 and remember a story, and so long as one 【62】 to know the story only, one need not bother about the language. But the case is quite different 【63】 a student of English. I mean a student of English as distinguished (区别于)from a reader of stories or what is called the general reader. As you may have 【64】 form the above, a student of English should read very 【65】 and regard the language as the main thing.

A:ought B:need C:would D:ought to