简单单选
简单单选
In some early attempts by psychologists to describe the basic learning process, the terms ’stimulus’, ’response’ and ’reinforcement’ were introduced. In an educational setting, these (1) could be defined as follows. When a teacher gives an (2) , or sets a problem, or asks a question, the pupil (3) in some way, and the teacher then tells the pupil if he has responded correctly. The teacher’s first action is called the (4) . The pupil’s action, carrying out the instruction, or solving the problem, or answering the question, is (5) the response. When the teacher tells the pupil his response is (6) , the bond between the stimulus and the response is strengthened and reinforcement is positive. If the response is incorrect, the bond is weakened, and reinforcement is (7)
Some psychologists laid great (8) on the importance of reinforcement for continued learning. They (9) that if a learner is not given information about his responses (feedback) he may not continue to respond. (10) , if his homework is not marked regularly, he will stop doing it. If in class, the answers he gives to the teacher’s questions are (11) or brushed aside, he will stop trying to give any.
Educational psychologists are, (12) , moving away from this simple, early (13) of the basic learning process. The effects of feedback, for example, are seen to be more (14) than this description suggests. Feedback does not merely positively or negatively (15) the stimulus-response bond. It may (16) confirm previously learned meanings and associations, correct mistakes, (17) misunderstandings and show how well or badly different parts of the material have been learned. Thus (18) may have the effect of increasing the learner’s confidence, backing up his previously (19) knowledge, and showing him which items he has not (20) grasped.
A:instance B:analysis C:instruction D:advice
In some early attempts by psychologists to describe the basic learning process, the terms ’stimulus’, ’response’ and ’reinforcement’ were introduced. In an educational setting, these (1) could be defined as follows. When a teacher gives an (2) , or sets a problem, or asks a question, the pupil (3) in some way, and the teacher then tells the pupil if he has responded correctly. The teacher’s first action is called the (4) . The pupil’s action, carrying out the instruction, or solving the problem, or answering the question, is (5) the response. When the teacher tells the pupil his response is (6) , the bond between the stimulus and the response is strengthened and reinforcement is positive. If the response is incorrect, the bond is weakened, and reinforcement is (7)
Some psychologists laid great (8) on the importance of reinforcement for continued learning. They (9) that if a learner is not given information about his responses (feedback) he may not continue to respond. (10) , if his homework is not marked regularly, he will stop doing it. If in class, the answers he gives to the teacher’s questions are (11) or brushed aside, he will stop trying to give any.
Educational psychologists are, (12) , moving away from this simple, early (13) of the basic learning process. The effects of feedback, for example, are seen to be more (14) than this description suggests. Feedback does not merely positively or negatively (15) the stimulus-response bond. It may (16) confirm previously learned meanings and associations, correct mistakes, (17) misunderstandings and show how well or badly different parts of the material have been learned. Thus (18) may have the effect of increasing the learner’s confidence, backing up his previously (19) knowledge, and showing him which items he has not (20) grasped.
A:instance B:analysis C:instruction D:advice
Text 3
Education is one of the key words of our time. A man, without an education, many of us believe, is an unfortunate victim of unfortunate circumstances deprived of one of the greatest twentieth-century opportunities. Convinced of the importance of education, modern states "invest" in institutions of learning to get back "interest" in the form of a large group of enlightened young men and women who are potential leaders. Education, with its cycles of instruction so carefully worked out, is punctuated by textbooks—those purchasable wells of wisdom—what would civilization be like without its benefits
So much is certain: that we would have doctors and preachers, lawyers and defendants, marriages and births; but our spiritual outlook would be different. We would lay less stress on "facts and figures" and more on a good memory, on applied psychology, and on the capacity of a man to get along with his fellow-citizens. If our educational system were fashioned after its bookless past we would have the most democratic form of "college" imaginable. Among the people whom we like to call savages all knowledge inherited by tradition is shared by all; it is taught to every member of the tribe so that in this respect everybody is equally equipped for life.
It is the ideal condition of the "equal start" which only our most progressive forms of modern education try to reach again. In primitive cultures the obligation to seek and to receive the traditional instruction is binding on all. There are no "illiterates"—if the term can be applied to peoples without a script—while our own compulsory school attendance became law in Germany in 1642, in France in 1806, and in England 1976, and is still non-existent in a number of "civilized" nations. This shows how long it was before we considered it necessary to make sure that all our children could share in the knowledge accumulated by the "happy few" during the past centuries. Education in the wilderness is not a matter of monetary means. All are entitled to an equal start. There is none of the hurry that, in our society, often hampers the full development of a growing personality. There, a child grows up under the ever-present attention of his parents; therefore the jungles and the savages know of no "juvenile delinquency". No necessity of making a living away from home results in neglect of children, and no father is confronted with his inability to "buy" an education for his child.
Notes: juvenile delinquency青少年犯罪。
A:against the education in the very early historic times: B:positive about our present educational instruction. C:quite happy to see an equal start for everyone.
Section Ⅰ Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. ( 10 Points) In some early attempts by psychologists to describe the basic learning process, the terms ’stimulus’, ’response’ and ’reinforcement’ were introduced. In an educational setting, these (1) could be defined as follows. When a teacher gives an (2) , or sets a problem, or asks a question, the pupil (3) in some way, and the teacher then tells the pupil if he has responded correctly. The teacher’s first action is called the (4) . The pupil’s action, carrying out the instruction, or solving the problem, or answering the question, is (5) the response. When the teacher tells the pupil his response is (6) , the bond between the stimulus and the response is strengthened and reinforcement is positive. If the response is incorrect, the bond is weakened, and reinforcement is (7) Some psychologists laid great (8) on the importance of reinforcement for continued learning. They (9) that if a learner is not given information about his responses (feedback) he may not continue to respond. (10) , if his homework is not marked regularly, he will stop doing it. If in class, the answers he gives to the teacher’s questions are (11) or brushed aside, he will stop trying to give any. Educational psychologists are, (12) , moving away from this simple, early (13) of the basic learning process. The effects of feedback, for example, are seen to be more (14) than this description suggests. Feedback does not merely positively or negatively (15) the stimulus-response bond. It may (16) confirm previously learned meanings and associations, correct mistakes, (17) misunderstandings and show how well or badly different parts of the material have been learned. Thus (18) may have the effect of increasing the learner’s confidence, backing up his previously (19) knowledge, and showing him which items he has not (20) grasped.
Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.7（）A:instance B:analysis C:instruction D:advice
It might seem odd to think of pre-kindergarten toddlers as students in need of teachers, but the latest research suggests that some form of instruction may help children to better prepare for school.
Nina Chien, a post doctoral researcher in pediatrics at the University of California San Diego found that children who were left to engage in free play in pre-kindergarten centers showed the least improvement in reading and math skills after one year compared with the children who benefited from some form of teacher instruction. The free play groups were provided with educational toys designed to stimulate their creative and cognitive processes, but they still learned up to two fewer alphabet letters and three fewer numbers than those who worked with teachers. Overall, when the children reached kindergarten, their teachers rated them up to 96% lower on language and literacy skills compared to their classmates.
Chien based her study on 701 state-funded pre-kindergarten programs in 11 states, was surprised by the findings since more than 50% of children were enrolled in free-play based centers, an indication of their popularity. "It’s very popular to give kids rich educational materials, let them chose which ones they want to play with, and let them play, "she says. "It was surprising that this very popular model turned out not to be that beneficial. "
The children who showed the most gains over the year in terms of learning the alphabet and numbers, as well as achieving basic reading and math skills, were those who had more individual interaction with teachers. Some teacher-based programs emphasized group instruction, while others involved more one-on-one guidance, in which teachers would encourage students to think more broadly or creatively. If a child drew a sun, for example, an instructor might ask how he could depict the brightness of sun, and guide the child to coming up with a way to draw the sun’s rays. Such encouragement, known as scaffolding, resulted in the most academic gains among the children.
Based on her findings, Chien believes that there is still a role for free play, as the children in these programs exhibited greater creativity over the year. She also notes that the study involved public programs in which many of the students came from lower income households. Previous studies have shown that such children benefit more from individualized ins/ruction since they may not be receiving much guidance or support at home. But overall, she says, greater teacher interaction, combined with free play, might enhance children’s learning ability and better prepare them for school. Given the dwindling resources in public education, however, that may be harder and harder to achieve.
The example of drawing a sun by a child is used to show ______.
A:the importance of children’s creativity B:the significance of teachers’ instruction C:the potential of pre-kindergarten kids D:the interactions between teachers and children
A 5%packing instruction
We know a computer is a machine that processes data (stored in main memory) into information, under control of a stored program. We also know that, internally, a computer is a binary machine; thus the data and the program instruictions must be stored in binary form. Characters are represented in (71) . Numbers are stored as binary numbers, with each bit’s positional value significant. A computer’s main memory is divided into bytes, words or both (depending on the system), and each of these basic storage units is assigned an (72) . Using this address, the processor can read or write selected bytes or words.
The processor consists of a clock, an instruction control unit, an arithmetic and logic unit, and registers. Once a program is stored in main memory, the processor can begin to execute it. During (73) , the instruction control unit fetches an instruction from main memory; during (74) , the arithmetic and logic unit executes it. Precisely timed electronic pulses generated by the clock drive this basic (75)
A:clock pulse B:instruction C:memory access D:machine cycle
The Instruction Register (IR) is normally used to point out( ).
A:the address of next execution instruction B:the address of last execution instruction C:the current execution instruction D:none of above
Instruction Register (IR) is normally used to point out
A:The address of next execution instruction B:The address of last execution instruction C:The current execution instruction D:None of above
